《英语语言学》复习重点1.docx
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《英语语言学》复习重点1
《英语语言学》复习重点
ChapterIInvitationtolinguistics
1.Whatislanguageandlinguistics?
●Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Togivethebarestdefinition,languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Itisinstrumental,socialandconventional.
●Linguisticsisusuallydefinedasthescienceoflanguageor,alternatively,asthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itconcernswiththesystematicstudyoflanguageor,adisciplinethatdescribesallaspectsoflanguageandformulatestheoriesastohowlanguageworks.
2.Whatarethedesignfeaturesoflanguage?
Thedefinitionofthesedesignfeatures:
arbitrariness,duality,creativity,anddisplacement
●Designfeaturesreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.Theyarearbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,etc..
●ArbitrarinessreferstoformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaningLanguageisarbitrary.Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds,evenwithonomatopoeicwords
●Dualityreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructure.Theunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.
●CreativityreferstoWordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthings,andcanbeinstantlyunderstoodbypeoplewhohavenevercomeacrossthatusagebefore.
●Displacementreferstothefactthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.
3.Jakobson’sclassificationoffunctionsoflanguage.
1).Referentialfunction所指功能2).Poeticfunction诗学功能3).Emotivefunction感情功能
4).Conativefunction意动功能5).Phaticfunction交感功能6).Metalingual元语言功能
HuZhuanglin’classificationoffunctionsoflanguageandusesomeexamplestoillustratethem.
1).Informativefunction信息功能2).Interpersonalfunction人际功能3).Performativefunction施为功能4).Emotivefunction感情功能5).Phaticcommunion交感性谈话6).Recreationalfunction娱乐性功能7).Metalingualfunction元语言功能
4.Thedefinitionsofimportantdistinctionsinlingustics:
Whodistinguishedthem?
descriptiveVS.presriptive;
Descriptive(描写式):
akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsarejustdescribed.
eg:
Americandon’tsay“I’llgiveyousomecolorseesee.”
Prescriptive(规定式):
akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsareprescribedhowoughttobe,i.e.layingdownrulesforlanguageuse.
eg:
Don’tsay“I’llgiveyousomecolorseesee.”
synchronicVS.diachronic;
Synchronicstudy(共时性)---descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime
Diachronicstudy(历时性)---descriptionofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory(historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime)
langue&parole;
Langue:
(说话者的语言能力.)thelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker.
Parole:
(语言的实际现象或语料.)theactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics(utterances).
competenceandperformance.
Competence:
(一个语言使用者关于语言系统规则的基本理解.)alanguageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.
Performance:
(指在具体场景中语言的真实使用.)theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.
ThedistinctionisdiscussedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’s.
Competenceenablesaspeakertoproduceandunderstandanindefinitenumberofsentencesandtorecognizegrammaticalmistakesandambiguities.
Aspeaker’scompetenceisstablewhilehisperformanceisofteninfluencedbypsychologicalandsocialfactors.Soaspeaker'sperformancedoesnotalwaysmatchorequalhissupposedcompetence.
5.WhatisthemajordifferencesbetweenSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleandChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance?
①Saussure'slanguageissocialproduct,asetofconversationsforaspeechcommunity.②Chomskyregardscompetenceaspropertyofthemindofeachindividual.③SaussurestudieslanguagemorefromasociologicalpointofviewwhileChomskystudiesitmorefromapsychologicalpointofview.
Chapter2Speechsounds
Phonetics
4.BasicinformationabouttheIPA
InternationalPhoneticAlphabet(OttoJespersonFrance)IPA:
theabbreviationofInternationalPhoneticAlphabet.Itisastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.
Itisastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.
ThefirstversionofIPAwaspublishedinAugust1888.
Thelatestversionwasdevisedin1993andcorrectedin1996and2005.
5.Threeparameterstoidentifyaconsonant:
①placeofarticulation:
placeinthemouthwhereobstructionoccurs
②mannersofarticulation:
waysinwhicharticulationcanbeaccomplished
③stateofvocalcords:
voicedVS.voiceless
6.thecategoriesofconsonantsaccordingtothemannerofarticulationandtheplaceofaritucatio
7.Englishvowelscanbedividedintotwolargecategories:
Monophthongsorpure/singlevowels单元音
Diphthongsorglidingvowels双元音
8.Fourcriteria(parameters)ofvoweldescription
1.theheightoftongueraising(high,mid,low);
2.thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back);
3.thelengthortensenessofthevowel(tensevs.laxorlongvs.short),and
4.lip-rounding(roundedvs.unrounded).
Phonology
9.definition:
1)Co-articulation:
Simultaneous/overlappingarticulationbecauseoftheinfluenceoftheneighborsound(s)
2)broad/narrowtranscription:
Whenweuseasimplesetofsymbolsinourtranscription,itiscalledabroadtranscription;Theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasanarrowtranscription.
3)Phone:
thesmallestperceptiblediscretesegmentofsoundinastreamofspeech.(inthemouth)
4)Phoneme:
asoundwhichiscapableofdistinguishingonewordoroneshapeofawordfromanotherinagivenlanguageisaphoneme.(inthemind)
5)allophonephonic:
variantsofaphonemearecalledallophoneofthesamephoneme.
6)Minimalpairs:
Threerequirementsforidentifyingminimalpairs:
1)differentinmeaning;2)onlyonephonemedifferent;
3)thedifferentphonemesoccurinthesamephoneticenvironment.
E.g.aminimalpair:
pat-fat;lit-lip;phone-tone
Minimalset:
pat,mat,bat,fat,cat,hat,etc
7)Suprasegmentalfeatures:
featuresthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegment,suchasstress(重音),length(音程),rhythm(节奏),tone(音调),intonation(语调)juncture(音渡).
8)syllable:
10.Exemplifytherelationshipbetweenphone,phonemeandallophone.
.Phone(音素):
thesmallestperceptiblediscretesegmentofsoundinastreamofspeech.(inthemouth)
i)phoneticunitii)notnecessarilydistinctiveofmeaning
iii)physicalasheardorproducediv)markedwith[]
.Phoneme(音位):
Asoundwhichiscapableofdistinguishingonewordoroneshapeofawordfromanotherinagivenlanguageisaphoneme.(inthemind)
i)phonologicalunitii)distinctiveofmeaning
iii)abstract,notphysicaliv)markedwith//.
.allophone(音位变体):
phonicvariantsofaphonemearecalledallophoneofthesamephoneme.
e.g.:
pot,spot,cup:
[ph]vs.[p]vs.[p¬](unreleased)
11.WhatarethedifferencesbetweenPhoneticsandPhonology?
Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmittedandreceived.Itisconcernedwiththeactualphysicalarticulation,transmissionandperceptionofspeechsounds.
Phonologyisessentiallythedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsounds.Itisconcernedwiththeabstractandmentalaspectofthesoundsinlanguage
Chapter3Morphology
12.Threesensesof“word”
(1)Aphysicallydefinableunit:
aclusterofsoundsegmentsorlettersbetweentwopauseorblank.
(2)Wordbothasageneraltermandasaspecificterm.
(3)Agrammaticalunit.
13.Theclassificationofword.Usingsomeexamplestoexplaintheseclassifications.
Wordscanbeclassifiedintermsof:
★
(1)Variablevs.invariablewords(可变词/不可变词)
★
(2)Grammaticalwordsvs.lexicalwords(语法词/词汇词)
★(3)Closed-classwordsvs.open-classwords(封闭词/开放词)
★(4)wordclass(词类)
(1)Variablevs.invariablewords(可变词/不可变词)
theformerreferstowordshavinginflectivechanges(屈折变化)whilethelatterreferstowordshavingnosuchendings.
Variablewords:
follow;follows;following;followed
Invariablewords:
since;when;seldom;through;hello
(2)Grammaticalwordsvs.lexicalwords(functionwordsandcontentwords.语法词/词汇词)
.Theformerreferstothosewordsexpressinggrammaticalmeanings,suchasconjunctions(连词),prepositions(介词),articles(冠词),andpronouns(代词);
.thelatterreferstowordshavinglexicalmeanings,thosewhichrefertosubstance,actionetc.suchasn.,v.,adj.,andadv.
(3)Closed-classwordsvs.open-classwords(封闭词/开放词)
.theformerreferstowordswhosemembershipisfixedorlimited;e.g.pron.,prep.,conj.,article.
.thelatterofwhichthemembershipisinfiniteorunlimited.e.g.:
n.,v.,adj.,adv.
(4)wordclass(词类)
14.definition:
1)Morphology:
Morphologyisabranchoflinguistics,whichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.
2)Morpheme:
thesmallestunitofmeaning,whichcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithout
destroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.
Freemorphemes:
morphemeswhichmayconstitutewordsbythemselves.
Boundmorphemes:
morphemeswhichcannotbeusedbythemselves,butmustbecombinedwithothermorphemestoformwords
Inflectionalmorpheme:
akindofboundmorphemeswhichmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,tense,degreeandcase.
Derivat