高考英语二轮复习增分篇专题巧突破专题四任务型阅专题限时检测二十五任务型阅读二.docx

高考英语二轮复习增分篇专题巧突破专题四任务型阅专题限时检测二十五任务型阅读二.docx

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高考英语二轮复习增分篇专题巧突破专题四任务型阅专题限时检测二十五任务型阅读二

2019-2020年高考英语二轮复习增分篇专题巧突破专题四任务型阅专题限时检测二十五任务型阅读二

A

（xx·南京、盐城高三一模）Untilabout18yearsago,itwaswidelyassumedthatmostofbraindevelopmentoccursinthefirstfewyearsoflife.Butrecentresearchonthehumanbrainhasshownthatmanybrainregionsundergoprolongeddevelopmentthroughoutadolescenceandbeyondinhumans.Thisadvancementinknowledgehasincreasedoldworriesandgivenrisetonewones.Itishugelyworryingthatsomanyteenagersaroundtheworlddon'thaveaccesstoeducationatatimewhentheirbrainsarestilldevelopingandbeingshapedbytheenvironment.Weshouldalsoworryaboutourlackofunderstandingofhowourrapidlychangingworldisshapingthedevelopingteenagebrain.

Decadesofresearchonearlyneurodevelopmentsuggestedthattheenvironmentinfluencesbraindevelopment.Duringthefirstfewmonthsoryearsoflife,ananimalmustbeexposedtoparticularvisualorauditorystimuli（听觉刺激）fortheassociatedbraincellsandconnectionstodevelop.Inthisway,neuronalcircuitry（神经元回路）isshapedaccordingtotheenvironmentduring“sensitiveperiods”ofbraindevelopment.Thisresearchhasfocusedmostlyonearlydevelopmentofsensorybrainregions.Whataboutlaterdevelopmentofhigherlevelbrainregions,whichareinvolvedindecisionmaking,controlandplanning,aswellassocialunderstandingandselfawareness?

Weknowthesebrainregionscontinuetodevelopthroughoutadolescence.However,wehaveverylittleknowledgeabouthowenvironmentalfactorsinfluencethedevelopingteenagebrain.Thisissomethingthatshouldconcernus.

There'salotofconcernaboutthehourssometeenagersspendonlineandplayingvideogames.Butmaybeallthisworryismisplaced.Afterall,throughouthistoryhumanshaveworriedabouttheeffectsofnewtechnologiesonthemindsofthenextgeneration.Whentheprintingpresswasinvented,therewasanxietyaboutreadingcorruptingyoungpeople'sminds,andthesameworrieswererepeatedfortheinventionofradioandtelevision.Maybeweshouldn'tbeworriedatall.It'spossiblethatthedevelopingbrainsoftoday'steenagersaregoingtobethemostadaptable,creative,multitaskingbrainsthathaveeverexisted.Thereisevidence—fromadults—thatplayingvideogamesimprovesarangeofcognitivefunctionssuchasdividedattentionandworkingmemory.Muchlessisknownabouthowgaming,socialnetworkingandsoon,influencethedevelopingadolescentbrain.Wedon'tknowwhethertheeffectsofnewtechnologiesonthedevelopingbrainarepositive,negativeorneutral.Weneedtofindout.

Adolescenceisaperiodoflifeinwhichthebrainisdevelopingandshapable,anditrepresentsagoodopportunityforlearningandsocialdevelopment.However,accordingtoUNICEF,40%oftheworld'steenagersdonothaveaccesstosecondaryschooleducation.Thepercentageofteenagegirlswhohavenoaccesstoeducationismuchhigher,andyetthereisstrongevidencethattheeducationofgirlsindevelopingcountrieshasmultiplesignificantbenefitsforfamilyhealth,populationgrowthrates,childmortalityrates,HIVratesaswellasforwomen'sselfesteemandqualityoflife.Adolescencerepresentsatimeofbraindevelopmentwhenteachingandtrainingshouldbeparticularlybeneficial.Iworryaboutthelostopportunityofdenyingtheworld'steenagersaccesstoeducation.

Worryingabouttheteenagebrain

Introduction

Differentfromthepreviousstudies,anewonerevealsthatbraindevelopmentwill

（1）________evenintheteenageyearsandbeyond,which

（2）________someworries.

Various

factors（3）

______theteenage

brainand

newworries

·Particularvisualorauditorystimuliareamustforanimalsto（4）________neuronalcircuitryattheearlytimeoflife.

·Weshouldbe（5）________aboutwhatinfluencetheenvironmenthasonthedevelopingteenagebrain.

·Humansalwaysfacenewtechnologieswithasenseofanxietythatyoungpeople'smindsare（6）________．

·Wearesupposedtofindoutwhatkindofrolenewtechnologiesplayinthe（7）________oftheteenagebrain.

·Educationisofgreat（8）________inadolescencewhenthebrainisdevelopingandbeingshaped.However,itisn't（9）________totwofifthsoftheworld'steenagers,girlsinparticular.

·Weareexpectedtobe（10）________oftheeffectsofeducationonthedevelopingbrains.

语篇解读：

本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一项新的发现：

人的大脑在青春期及以后会继续发育、成长。

1．continue　信息转换题。

根据第一段第二句可知，新的研究发现大脑的许多区域在青春期及以后会继续发育。

故填continue。

2．causes　信息转换题。

根据第一段第三句可知，知识的进步引起了人们的担心。

关系代词which指代前面整句话的内容，表示单数概念，所以从句谓语动词用causes。

3．affecting/influencing　信息概括题。

根据文章第二至四段的内容及表格右栏中的内容可知，此处讲的是影响青少年大脑发育的各种因素和新的担心。

此处用现在分词作定语修饰名词factors。

4．shape　信息转换题。

根据第二段第二、三句可知，特别的视觉或听觉刺激是动物在生命早期形成神经元回路的必须条件。

故填shape。

5．concerned/worried/anxious　信息转换题。

根据第二段最后两句可知，我们应担心环境对青少年发育中的大脑有什么影响。

beconcerned/worried/anxiousabout意为“对……担心”。

6．corrupted　信息转换题。

根据第三段第四句可知，面对新技术，人们担心青少年的大脑被损坏。

故填corrupted。

7．development　信息转换题。

根据第三段最后两句可知，我们应该查明新技术对青少年大脑的发育起什么样的作用。

故填development。

8．importance/significance/benefit　信息概括题。

根据第四段前三句内容可知，当大脑发育时，教育是相当重要的。

介词of后接名词，故填importance/significance/benefit。

9．accessible/available　信息转换题。

根据第四段中的“However,accordingtoUNICEF,40%of...havenoaccesstoeducationismuchhigher”可知，五分之二的青少年尤其是女孩没有机会接受教育。

此处用access的形容词accessible或available。

10．aware/conscious　信息概括题。

根据第四段最后两句可知，我们应该意识到教育对发育中的大脑的影响。

beaware/consciousof意为“意识到……”。

B

（xx·无锡高三一模）Theworldwouldhavebeensomuchbetterifweallknewhowtosayanddotherightthingattherighttime.However,thatisnotthecase,especiallywhenitestoinstilling（逐步培养）properbehaviorinkids.Behaviormodification（BM）techniqueswererecentlycreatedtohelpininstillingproperbehaviorinchildrenaswellasadults.

Behaviormodificationreferstoestablishingvariousappropriatebehaviorsinindividualsanddiscouragingthosethatarenotdesired.BehaviormodificationtechniquesaredevelopedlargelyaccordingtotheprinciplesofoperantconditioningbyB．F.Skinner,anAmericanbehaviorist.Thesetechniquesareusedinbehaviormodificationtreatmentthataimstocorrectandinstillappropriatebehaviorinchildren.

Themonlyusedbehaviormodificationtechniquesarepositivereinforcement（强化）,negativereinforcementandpunishment.Positivereinforcementreferstoreinforcingproperbehaviorthatmostdesirethroughtheprocessofrewardingit.Thiscanbedonebypraisingtheindividualassoonasheperformsdesiredbehavior.Negativereinforcementbehavioralstrategiesarebasedontheremovalofanegativeconsequenceorbehaviorbecausethedesiredbehaviorwasperformed.Forexample,notlettingachildhelpinwashingdishesbecausehebehavedwellatafamilygatheringisaformofnegativereinforcement.Punishmentissomethingweallcanrelateto.Yes,itisjustwhatitmeans.However,whenputinwords,punishmentreferstosubjecting（使服从于）anindividualtoanegativeconditionbecauseofinappropriatebehavior.

Thebehaviormodificationtechniquesforchildrenaremostlybasedonpositiveandnegativereinforcement.However,parentsshouldrealizethatthesetechniquescan'tbereliedupontotallyforchildbehaviormodification.Thoughthebehaviormodificationtechniquesleadtoquickresults,aparentshouldcontinuouslytrytocultivate（培养）inhischildtheabilitytoappreciatethereasonwhysuchbehaviorisexpectedofhim.Thiscanbedonethrougheffectivemunicationandgreaterfocusontheparentchildrelationship.Asaparent,don'tmaketherewardamonetaryone.Trytomakeitlookmorelikeaprivilegethanareward.Aparentshouldalsobeconsistentwithhistechniqueandapplyitwheneverthereisachancesothatthechildgetsaclearideaofwhatisexpectedandwhatisnot.

Althoughwetalksomuchabouttheroleofaparentinbringingpositivebehaviormodificationtochildren,bothparentsandteachershaveequallyimportantrolestoplay.Teachersplaytheirrolethroughpreventiveclassroommanagement,teachingskillsforsolvingsocialproblemslikealternativethinking,andcontinuousmonitoringofachild'sbehavior.Itistruethattherearevariousbehaviormodificationtechniquesavailableforencouragingproperbehaviorinchildren.However,thereisnothingthatcantaketheplaceofproperparentingandanaffectionate（慈爱）environment.

TechniquesforModifyingBehavior

（1）______ofBM

Establishingvariousappropriatebehaviorsanddiscouragingundesirableones,aimingtocorrectandinstillproperbehaviorinindividuals.

TypesofBMtechniques

●Positivereinforcement:

Reinforcing

（2）________behaviorbymeansofrewardingit.

●Negativereinforcement:

（3）______anegativeconsequenceorbehavior.

●Punishment:

Subjectinganindividualtoanegativecondition（4）________toimproperbehavior.

BMtechniques

forchildren

●Forparents:

Realizingthesetechniquesarehelpfulinleadingtoquickresults,buttheyarenottotally（5）________.

Effectiveways

●municating（6）________withchildrenandfocusingmoreonthechildparentrelationship.

●Makingtherewardmoreofaprivilegeratherthanareward.

●Rememberingto（7）________tothesametechniqueandapplyitwheneverthereisachance.

●Forteachers:

Realizingbothparentsandteachershaveequallyimportantroles.

Effectiveways

●Playingtheirrolethroughclassroommanagementdesignedforthe（8）________ofpotentialproblems.

●Teaching（9）________skillsneededinoursociety.

●Monitoringchildren'sbehaviorcontinuously.

（10）________

Properparentingandanaffectionateenvironmentplayanirreplaceableroleinencouragingproperbehaviorinchildren.

1．Definition　信息概括题。

根据第二段第一句及表格右栏中的内容可知，这里是behaviormodification的定义，故填Definition。

2．desired/proper/appropriate　直接信息题。

根据第三段第二句和第三句可知，积极强化指的是通过给予奖励的方式来强化想要的或合适的行为。

故填desired/proper/appropriate。

3．Removi