托福阅读模拟试题及答案卷三.docx

托福阅读模拟试题及答案卷三.docx

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托福阅读模拟试题及答案卷三

2021年托福阅读模拟试题及答案（卷三）

　　托福阅读文本：

　　ThereareonlyafewcluesintherockrecordaboutclimateintheProterozoiceon.Muchof

　　ourinformationaboutclimateinthemorerecentperiodsofgeologichistorycomesfromthefossil

　　record,becausewehaveareasonablygoodunderstandingofthetypesofenvironmentinwhich

　　manyfossilorganismsflourished.ThescarcefossilsoftheProterozoic,mostlysingle-celled

　　bacteria,providelittleevidenceinthisregard.However,therocksthemselvesdoincludethe

　　earliestevidenceforglaciation,probablyaglobaliceage.

　　Theinferencethatsometypesofsedimentaryrocksaretheresultofglacialactivityisbasedon

　　theprincipleofuniformitarianism,whichpositsthatnaturalprocessesnowatworkonandwithin

　　theEarthoperatedinthesamemannerinthedistantpast.Thedepositsassociatedwithpresent-day

　　glaciershavebeenwellstudied,andsomeoftheircharacteristicsarequitedistinctive.In

　　2.3-billion-year-oldrocksinCanadanearLakeHuron（datingfromtheearlypartofthe

　　Proterozoicage）,therearethinlaminaeoffine-grainedsedimentsthatresemblevarves,theannual

　　layersofsedimentdepositedinglaciallakes.Typically,present-dayvarvesshowtwo-layered

　　annualcycle,onelayercorrespondingtotherapidicemeltingandsedimenttransportofthe

　　summerseason,andtheother,finer-grained,layercorrespondingtoslowerwinterdeposition.

　　AlthoughitisnoteasytodiscernsuchdetailsintheProterozoicexamples,theyarealmost

　　certainlyglacialvarves.Thesefine-grained,layeredsedimentsevencontainoccasionallarge

　　pebblesor"dropstones,"acharacteristicfeatureofglacialenvironmentswherecoarsematerialis

　　sometimescarriedonfloatingiceanddroppedfarfromitssource,intootherwiseveryfinegrained

　　sediment.GlacialsedimentsofaboutthesameageasthoseinCanadahavebeenfoundinother

　　partsofNorthAmericaandinAfrica,India,andEurope.Thisindicatesthattheglaciationwas

　　global,andthatforaperiodoftimeintheearlyProterozoictheEarthwasgrippedinaniceage.

　　FollowingtheearlyProterozoicglaciation,however,theclimateappearstohavebeenfairly

　　benignforaverylongtime.Thereisnoevidenceforglaciationforthenext1.5billionyearsorso.

　　Then,suddenly,therockrecordindicatesaseriesofglacialepisodesbetweenabout850and600

　　millionyearago,neartheendoftheProterozoiceon.

　　托福阅读题目：

　　1.Whichofthefollowingdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

　　（A）Howpatternsinrocklayershavebeenusedtoconstructtheoriesabouttheclimateofthe

　　Proterozoicage

　　（B）WhatsomerarefossilsindicateaboutglacialconditionsduringthelateProterozoicage

　　（C）ThevaryingcharacteristicsofProterozoicglacialvarvesindifferentpartsoftheworld

　　（D）ThenumberofglacialepisodesthattheEarthhasexperiencedsincetheProterozoicage

　　2.Accordingtothepassage,thefossilrecordoftheProterozoiceonis

　　（A）highlyregardedbecauseitpreservestheremainsofmanykindsoforganisms

　　（B）lessinformativethanthefossilrecordofmorerecentperiods

　　（C）verydifficulttointerpretduetodamagefrombacteria

　　（D）moreusefultoresearchersthanotheraspectsoftherockrecord

　　3.Theword"scarce"inline4isclosestinmeaningto

　　（A）ancient

　　（B）tiny

　　（C）available

　　（D）rare

　　4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheprincipleofuniformitarianismindicatesthat

　　（A）similarconditionsproducesimilarrockformations

　　（B）rocklayersinagivenregionremainundisturbedovertime

　　（C）differentkindsofsedimentaryrocksmayhavesimilarorigins

　　（D）eachcontinenthasitsowndistinctivepatternofsedimentlayers

　　5.Theword"resemble"inline14isclosestinmeaningto

　　（A）resultfrom

　　（B）penetrate

　　（C）looklike

　　（D）replacehavesimilarorigins

　　6.Accordingtothepassage,thelayersinvarvesareprimarilyformedby

　　（A）fossilizedbacteria

　　（B）piecesofancientdropstones

　　（C）acombinationofancientandrecentsediments

　　（D）annualcyclesofsedimenttransportanddeposition

　　7.Thephrase"theother"inline17referstoanother

　　（A）annualcycle

　　（B）glaciallake

　　（C）layerofsediment

　　（D）season

　　8.Accordingtothepassage,thepresenceofdropstonesindicatesthat

　　（A）theglacialenvironmenthasbeenunusuallyservere

　　（B）thefine-grainedsedimenthasbuiltupveryslowly

　　（C）therehasbeenaglobaliceage

　　（D）coarserockmaterialhasbeencarriedgreatdistances

　　9.WhydoestheauthormentionCanada,NorthAmerica,Africa,India,andEuropeinlines23-24?

　　（A）Todemonstratetheglobalspreadofdropstones

　　（B）Toexplaintheprinciplesofvarveformation

　　（C）ToprovideevidenceforthetheorythattherewasaglobaliceageintheearlyProterozoiceon

　　（D）ToillustratethevariedclimaticchangesoftheProterozoiceonindifferentpartsoftheglobe

　　10.Whichofthefollowingtermsisdefinedinthepassage?

　　（A）fossilrecord（line3）

　　（B）laminae（line13）

　　（C）varves（line14）

　　（D）glacialepisodes（line28）

　　托福阅读答案：

　　ABDACDCCCC

　托福阅读文本：

　　IndustrializationcametotheUnitedStateafter1790asNorthAmericanentrepreneurs

　　increasedproductivitybyreorganizingworkandbuildingfactories.Theseinnovationsin

　　manufacturingboostedoutputandlivingstandardstoanunprecedentedextent;theaverageper

　　capitawealthincreasedbynearly1percentperyear—30percentoverthecourseofageneration.

　　Goodsthathadoncebeenluxuryitemsbecamepartofeverydaylife.

　　Theimpressivegaininoutputstemmedprimarilyfromthewayinwhichworkersmadegoods,

　　sincethe1790's,NorthAmericanentrepreneurs—evenwithouttechnologicalimprovements—

　　hadbroadenedthescopeoftheoutworksystemthatmademanufacturingmoreefficientby

　　distributingmaterialstoasuccessionofworkerswhoeachperformedasinglestepofthe

　　productionprocess.Forexample,duringthe1820'sand1830'stheshoeindustrygreatlyexpanded

　　thescaleandextendoftheoutworksystem.Tensofthousandsofruralwomen,paidaccordingto

　　theamounttheyproduced,fabricatedthe"uppers"ofshoes,whichwereboundtothesolesby

　　wage-earningjourneymenshoemakersindozensofMassachusettstowns,whereaspreviously

　　journeymenwouldhavemadetheentireshoe.Thissystemofproductionmadetheemployera

　　powerful"shoeboss"anderodedworkers'controloverthepaceandconditionsoflabor.However,

　　italsodramaticallyincreasedtheoutputofshoeswhilecuttingtheirprice.

　　Fortasksthatwerenotsuitedtotheoutworksystem,entrepreneurscreatedanevenmore

　　importantneworganization,themodemfactory,whichusedpower-drivenmachinesand

　　assembly-linetechniquestoturnoutlargequantitiesofwell-madegoods.Asearlyas1782the

　　prolificDelawareinventorOliverEvanshadbuiltahighlyautomated,laborsavingflourmill

　　drivenbywaterpower.Hismachineryliftedthegraintothetopofthemill,cleaneditasitfellinto

　　containersknownashoppers,groundthegrainintoflour,andthenconveyedtheflourbacktothe

　　topofthemilltoallowittocoolasitdescendedintobarrels.Subsequently,manufacturersmade

　　useofnewimprovedstationarysteamenginestopowertheirmills.Thisnewtechnologyenabled

　　themtobuildfactoriesinthenation'slargestcities,takingadvantageofurbanconcentrationsof

　　inexpensivelabor,goodtransportationnetworks,andeagercustomers.

　　托福阅读题目：

　　1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

　　（A）ThedifficultiesofindustrializationinNorthAmerica

　　（B）Theinfluenceofchangesinmanufacturingonthegrowthofurbancenters

　　（C）TherapidspeedofindustrializationinNorthAmerica

　　（D）Improvedwaysoforganizingthemanufacturingofgoods

　　2.Theword"boosted"inline3isclosestinmeaningto

　　（A）ensured

　　（B）raised

　　（C）arranged

　　（D）discouraged

　　3.Theword"scope"inline9isclosestinmeaningto

　　（A）value

　　（B）popularity

　　（C）extent

　　（D）diversity

　　4.Theauthormentionstheshoeindustryinthesecondparagraphtoprovideanexampleofhow

　　（A）entrepreneursincreasedoutputbyusinganextendedoutworksystem

　　（B）entrepreneursusedtechnologicalimprovementstoincreaseoutput

　　（C）ruralworkersrespondedto"shoebosses"

　　（D）changesintheoutworksystemimprovedthequalityofshoes

　　5.Allofthefollowingarementionedaseffectsofchangesintheshoeindustryduringthe1820's

　　and1830'sEXCEPT

　　（A）anincreaseintheworker'sdependenceonentrepreneurs

　　（B）anincreaseinthewagespaidtojourneymenshoemakers

　　（C）adeclineintheworkersabilitytocontrolthespeedofproduction

　　（D）adecreaseinthepriceofshoes

　　6.AllofthefollowingaretrueoftheoutworksystemEXCEPT

　　（A）Itinvolvedstagesofproduction.

　　（B）Itwasmoreefficientthanthesystemsusedbefore1790.

　　（C）Itmademanyemployerslesspowerfulthantheyhadbeenbefore.

　　（D）Itdidnotnecessarilyinvolveanytechnologicalimprovements.

　　7.Theword"prolific"inline23isclosestinmeaningto

　　（A）efficient

　　（B）productive

　　（C）self-employed

　　（D）progressive

　　8.Accordingtothepassage,howdidlatermillsdifferfromthemillsdifferfromthemillbuiltby

　　OliverEvans?

　　（A）Theywerelocatedawayfromlargecities.

　　（B）Theyusednewtechnologytoproducepower.

　　（C）TheydidnotallowflourtocoolbeforeitwasplacedinBarrels.

　　（D）Theycombinedtechnologywiththeoutworksystem.

　　9.Theword"it"inline25refersto

　　（A）waterpower

　　（B）machinery

　　（C）grain

　　（D）mill

　　10.Thepassagementionswhichofthefollowingasaresultofim