A Brief Analysis on Differences between American English and British English 浅析英式英语与美式英语.docx
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ABriefAnalysisonDifferencesbetweenAmericanEnglishandBritishEnglish浅析英式英语与美式英语
浅析英式英语与美式英语的差异
一、课题（论文）提纲
0.引言
1.英式英语与美式英语的历史与演变
1.1英式英语的历史
1.2美式英语的历史
1.3美式英语对英式英语的影响
2.剖析英式英语与美式英语的不同
2.1发音差异
2.2词汇差异
2.3拼写差异
2.4语法差异
3.英式英语与美式英语在实际应用中的差异
3.1信件习惯上的不同
3.2在人家交流中产生的歧异
3.3行话差异
4.英语的现状与未来
5.结论
二、内容摘要
全球一体化的今天，英语作为世界通用语言，在人们的日常生活中，不论是民间交往或官方交流中扮演着极其重要的角色。
由于美国已经处于国际上较高的地位，美式英语逐渐流行起来，美式英语与英式英语成为了英语语系中比较重要的两种。
并且也已被一向高傲的英国人承认，而且英国人开始学习使用比较简单化的美式英语。
虽然美式英语同英式英语一样都是英语，但是其不同之处甚多。
英语在众多的英语国家中都有各自的方言，俗语层出不穷，当然误解意思的事情也经常发生。
同时在现代的生活中，时间是每个现代人宝贵的财富，传统的英式英语相对复杂，而美式英语便捷实用，符合历史的潮流。
英国，美国，加拿大等英语大国的学者也已经意识到这种趋势，并且从语法，词汇，使用等方面总结出两种语言的差异。
关键词：
英式英语；美式英语
三、参考文献
[1]AlbertCBaughandThomasCable,AHistoryoftheEnglishLanguage,Routlege,1993.
[2]崔更国，英国英语和美国英语语言用法上的不同，石家庄铁路工程职业技术学院，2004.6，第3期。
[3]DavidS.Jackson,流行美语，上海：
上海世界图书出版公司，2004.
[4]侯宁海，美语、英语分类对照手册，合肥：
中国科学技术大学出版社，1997。
[5]李赋宁，英语史，北京：
商务印书馆，2004。
[6]林天送，21世纪英美文法，北京：
中国国际广播出版社；（台湾）建宏出版社，1999。
[7]刘榕，试论英国英语和美国英语的词汇差异，宁德师专学报，2003，第2期。
[9]俞杰，英语的变易，北京：
外语教学与研究出版社，2005。
ABriefAnalysisonDifferencesbetweenAmericanEnglishandBritishEnglish
Abstract
Intoday’sglobalintegration,English,asthecommonlanguageintheworld,playsaquiteimportantrolebothinciviliancommunicationandofficialcommunicationinourdailylife.OwingtotheUSistheoverlordinthisworld,soAmericanEnglishisgettingmorepopular.AmericanEnglishandBritishEnglishhavebecomethetworelativeimportantlanguagesinEnglishphylum.AndAmericanEnglishhasalreadybeenacceptedbyBritishpeoplewhoaretoploftyallthetime.Atthesametime,theBritishalsobegintolearnandusethissimplifiedlanguage.Although,AmericanEnglishisalmostthesameasBritishEnglish,theystillhavesomedifferences.TherearemanydifferentlocalismsoftheirownamongmanyEnglishcountriesandsuchlocalismsarealwaysemergingendlessly.Sometimes,ofcourse,misunderstandingbetweenthemisunavoidable.Meanwhile,thetimeisatreasureforpeopleinthemodernlife.AndthetraditionalBritishEnglishiscomparativelycomplicatedwhileAmericanEnglishisconvenientandpractical,becauseAmericanEnglishseemsmoreinaccordancewiththetideofhistory.ThescholarsofmanybigEnglish-speakingcountriessuchasBritain,AmericaandCanadahavebeenontothetrend.Theyhavealsosummedupthedifferencesbetweenthetwolanguagesfromthegrammar,vocabularyandusingetc.
KeyWords:
BritishEnglish;AmericanEnglish
0.Introduction
Forthe21stcenturytoday,theworldisbecomingsmallerandsmallerastothedevelopmentofhigh-tech.Theworldtransformedcountriesonebyoneintoaglobalvillagefromthenavigationcenturytothehighspeedconveyanceatpresent.Inthishugevillage,therearemanypeoplewithdifferentcomplexion;differentagnateanddifferenttonguelived.Afterlengthyyears,Englishbecametheprimarylanguageinthisbigfamily.AndthedifferentiationappearedintheevolvementofEnglishitself,itdividedintoBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish.ThefollowingarticlewillanalyzethedifferencesofthetwoEnglishphyla.
1.ThehistoryandevolvementsofBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish
It’sgoodtocomprehendnowadaysforstudyforetime,butthedeeplyknowledgeofnowadaysisalsothepreconditionofcomputeforetimeexactly.ThisarticlewilltrytocastbackthecontextofBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish.Andinnowadays,theAmericanEnglishistakingtheleadingplaceofBritishEnglish.
1.1.ThehistoryofBritishEnglish
EnglishisaWestGermaniclanguagethatoriginatedfromtheAnglo-FrisiandialectsbroughttoBritainbyGermanicinvadersfromvariouspartsofwhatisnownorthwestGermanyandtheNetherlands.Initially,OldEnglishwasadiversegroupofdialects,reflectingthevariedoriginsoftheAnglo-SaxonKingdomsofEngland.Oneofthesedialects,LateWestSaxon,eventuallycametobedominated.TheoriginalOldEnglishlanguagewastheninfluencedbytwofurtherwavesofinvasion:
thefirstbyspeakersoftheScandinavianbranchoftheGermaniclanguagefamily,whoconqueredandcolonizedpartsofBritaininthe8thand9thcenturies;thesecondbytheNormansinthe11thcentury,whospokeOldNormanandultimatelydevelopedanEnglishvarietyofthiscalledAnglo-Norman.ThesetwoinvasionscausedEnglishtobecome“mixed”tosomedegree.
CohabitationwiththeScandinaviansresultedinasignificantgrammaticalsimplificationandlexicalenrichmentoftheAnglo-FrisiancoreofEnglish;thelaterNormanoccupationledtothegraftingontothatGermaniccoreofamoreelaboratelayerofwordsfromtheRomancelanguages.ThisNormaninfluenceenteredEnglishlargelythroughthecourtsandgovernment.Thus,Englishdevelopedintoa“borrowing”languageofgreatflexibility,resultinginanenormousandvariedvocabulary.
1.2.ThehistoryofAmericanEnglish
AmericanEnglishisasetofdialectsoftheEnglishlanguageusedmostlyintheUnitedStates.ApproximatelytwothirdsofnativespeakersofEnglishliveintheUnitedStates.
EnglishisthemostcommonlanguageintheUnitedStates.ThoughtheU.S.federalgovernmenthasnoofficiallanguage,Englishisconsideredthedefacto,“inpracticebutnotnecessarilyordainedbylaw”,languageoftheUnitedStatesbecauseofitswidespreaduse.Englishhasbeengivenofficialstatusby30ofthe50stategovernments.
TheuseofEnglishintheUnitedStateswasinheritedfromBritishcolonization.ThefirstwaveofEnglish-speakingsettlersarrivedinNorthAmericainthe17thcentury.Duringthattime,therewerealsospeakersinNorthAmericaofSpanish,French,Dutch,German,Norwegian,Swedish,Scots,Welsh,Irish,ScottishGaelic,Finnish,Russian（Alaska）andnumerousNativeAmericanlanguages.
1.3.TheimpactofAmericanEnglishonBritishEnglish
WhileBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbelongtothesamephylum,butduringthethreehundredyearsafterthefirstgroupofEuropeimmigrant,thetwolanguagesweregoingtheirownway.AmericanEnglishhasdevelopedanewmethodoftalk,partlyisduetothedifferencesofconditionoflivingandtheotherpartabsorbedthelanguageofotherimmigrant.ThechiefdifferencesbetweenBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglisharetheintonationoftalkandrhythm.Andtherearealsomanydifferencesinvocabulary.Forexample,politicianhasaderogatorysenseinAmericanEnglishbutnotinBritishEnglish.InAmericanEnglishsolicitormeanssalesmanorbeggarbutitmeanslawyerinBritishEnglish.Nearthefewtenyears,becausethedevelopmentoftrade,militaryaffairsandtechnologyhasmadeAmericabecomemoreandmorestrongandimportantintheworld.AstotheAmericanfilmisverypopular,theslanginAmericapenetratetotheSpokenEnglish.Nowadays,peoplewhoaccepttheAmericanEnglishmostquicklyaretheyoungerinBritish,andthetendencyisimproving.Obviously,theoriginofAmericanEnglishdevelopmentistheAmericanfilm,TVprogram,mediaandmusicandsoon.ForexampletheRAPmusic,manyyoungpeoplelikethatanditisverypopular.AmericanEnglishhasalsoinfluencedthehideboundBritishEnglishintrope.AmericanEnglishismoreacceptablebyneoteric.
2.ThespecificdifferencesbetweenBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish
ThevarietyofEnglishthatwasspokenintheUSAiscalledAmericanEnglish.AmericanEnglishgrewoutofBritishEnglishofthe17thcentury.WiththefurthergrowthoftheUnitedStates,AmericanEnglishhasevolvedfroma“colonialbranch”toavariantornationalstandardofEnglish.ThecharacteristicsofAmericanEnglisharemarkedbyapparentcontradictions:
creativenessinenrichingthelanguageversusconservativenessinpreservinganumberofarchaicfeatures;theuseofshortandpoignantexpressions,includingslang,versusfondnessofbigwords;homogeneitymanifestedbyheavyborrowingsfromothertonguesversusrelativeuniformitywhichis,inasense,closetohomogeneity;andtheuseofverbosestyleinofficialpapersversusplainlanguageinpopularwriting.ThesepropertiescombinetomakeAmericanEnglishadistinctivevarietyoftheEnglishlanguage.
2.1.Differencesinpronunciation
Onawhole,thesimilaritiesbetweenthetwokindsofpronunciationaregreaterthantheotherdifferences.ThenatureofthedifferencesinpronunciationbetweenGeneralAmericanandStandardBritishEnglishhasbeendiscussedbymanyauthorities,therearemanychiefdifferencesinvowel、diphthongssuchasfast:
|fa:
st|（BritishEnglish）|fest|（AmericanEnglish）;want|wכnt|（BritishEnglish）|want|（AmericanEnglish）andsoon.Astoconsonants,inBritishEnglishtheletter“r”isnotpronouncedbeforeaconsonant;attheendofaword,rispronouncedifthenextwordbeginswithavowelsuchas:
farm|fa:
m|,door|dכ:
|.Thedigraph“wh”ispronounced|w|inBritishEnglish,but|hw|inAmericanEnglish.Forexample,whenwhichinBritishEnglish,|wen|;AmericanEnglish,|hwen|.Further,differentphonemesmaybeusedinthesameword.Thisisfoundonlywithindividualwords.Forexamples:
ate|et|（BritishEnglish）-|eit|（AmericanEnglish）.IdenticalsystemsofstressandrhythmareusedbyBritishandAmericanEnglish.Thereare,however,afewwordsthathavetheirstressonadifferentsyllable.Forsomeexamples:
ad'dress（BritishEnglish-′address（AmericanEnglish）,advertisement（BritishEnglish）-adver′tisement（AmericanEnglish）.
Finally,intonationdifferences,AsforthemajordifferencesinintonationbetweenBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish,someobserversreportthat,totheirears,EnglishmencoverawiderrangeoftoneinspeakingandcarryithigherthanAmericans,whileAmericanspitchtheirvoiceswithinaverynarrowrangeandtheyareinthehabitofspeakingdraw
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