托福阅读精选阅读真题长难句50句.docx
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托福阅读精选阅读真题长难句50句
【托福阅读】精选阅读真题长难句50句
1、Laterexperimentsinwhichresearchersplayedrecordingsofsongstoyoung
birdsshowedjusthowprecisethisinfluencewas,manyofthemwouldlearn
theexactpatternoftherecordingtheyhadheard.
2、Thecrudesongofabirdrearedinisolationgivessomecluesastowhatthis
roughideamaybethelength,thefrequencyrangeandthebreakingupinto
notesareallaspectsofchaffinchsongsharedbetweennormalbirdsand
thoserearedinisolation.
3、Whateverthenatureofthelearningrulesinaparticularspecies,thereisno
doubtthattheyareeffective,itisveryunusualtohearawildbirdsinginga
songwhichisnottypicalofitsownspeciesdespitethemanydifferentsongs
whichoftenoccurinasmallpatchofwoodland.
4、Chemicalanalysisofbonesenablesarchaeologiststodeterminethe
proportionofmeattovegetablefoodsinthedietbymeasuringtheproportion
ofcalciumtostrontiuminancientbonebecausestrontiuminplaceofcalcium
inbonescomesprimarilyfromingestedplants.
5、Eachdwellinghadadifferentarrangementofthegiantbones,whichcame
fromtheskeletonsoflong-deadanimalsretrievedfromthesurroundingarea
byoccupantsofthesite,notfromanimalstheyhadrecentlyhunted.
6、Inaprecedent-settingdecision,theFederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission
orderedthedamremovedafterconcludingthattheenvironmentaland
economicbenefitsofafree-flowingriveroutweighedtheelectricitygenerated
bythedam.
7、Builtnearlyacenturyagotoprovidepowertolumberandpapermillsinthe
townofPortAngeles,thesedamsblockedaccesstoupstreamspawningbeds
forsixspeciesofsalmononwhatoncewasoneofthemostproductive
salmonriversintheworld.
8、TheHetchHetchyDaminYosemiteNationalParkmightbetakendownto
revealwhatJohnMuir,thefounderoftheprestigiousenvironmental
organizationSierraClub,calledavalley“justasbeautifulandworthyof
preservationasthemajesticYosemite.”
9、Achancecollisionbetweentwocomets,orthegravitationalinfluenceofone
oftheJovianplanets—Jupiter,Saturn,Uranus,andNeptune—may
occasionallyaltertheorbitofacometintheseregionsenoughtosenditto
theinnersolarsystemandintoourview.
10、ThesecometsappeartobedistributedinalldirectionsfromtheSun,forming
asphericalshellaroundthesolarsystem,calledtheOortcloud,afterthe
DutchastronomerJanOort.
11、Afterthearrivalofhunter-gatherersinthesouthwesternregionofNorth
America,severalalternativetypesofagricultureemerged,allinvolving
differentsolutionstotheSouthwest’sfundamentalproblem:
howtoobtain
enoughwatertogrowcropsinanenvironmentinwhichrainfallissolowand
unpredictablethatlittleornofarmingispracticedtheretoday.
12、ThatfateactuallybefelltheMimbres,whostartedbyfarmingthefloodplain
andthenbegantofarmadjacentlandabovethefloodplainastheir
populationcametoexceedthefloodplain’scapacitytosupportit.
13、However,whendroughtconditionsreturned,thatgambleleftthemwitha
populationdoublewhatthefloodplaincouldsupport,andMimbressociety
collapsedsuddenlyunderthestress.
14、Onemorestrategywastoplantcropsatmanysiteseventhoughrainfallwas
locallyunpredictableandthentoharvestcropsatwhicheversitesdidget
enoughraintoproduceagoodharvestandtoredistributesomeofthe
harvesttothepeoplestilllivingatallthesitesthatdidnothappentoreceive
enoughrainthatyear.
15、Sanitationproblemscausedbylarger,moresedentarypopulationswould
havehelpedtransmitdiseasesinhumanwaste,aswouldtheuseofanimal
dungforfertilizer.
16、Theincreaseinmanyofthesecamenotonlyfromthefactthatfewerpeople
weredyingfrominfectiousdiseaseandwerelivinglongerbutalsofromthe
resultsofmodernlifestylesindevelopedcountriesandamongtheupper
classesofdevelopingcountries–amoresedentarylifeleadingtoless
physicalactivity,morestress;environmentalpollution,andhigh-fatdiets.
17、Thisevolutionmayhavebeenencouragedbywhatsomeauthoritiesconsider
ouroveruseofantibiotics,givingmicroorganismsagreaterchancetoevolve
resistancebyexposingthemtoaconstantbarrageofselectivechallenges.
18、Therefore,onmanyreefsitisthefast-growing,branchingcoralsthat
ultimatelydominateattheupper,shallowerportionofthereef,whereas
moremassiveformsdominateindeeperareas.
19、Thefactthatalmostallsmallinvertebratesonreefsaresowellhiddenor
highlycamouflagedisanotherindicatorofhowprevalentpredationison
reefsanditsimportanceindeterminingreefstructure.
20、Finally,theyneedreliablemethodsofstoragebecause,whereplantfoods
cannotprovideadietarysafetynet,planninghastobepreciseanddetailed
toensurethatthereisenoughtotidethemoverinperiodsofshortage.
21、Coinsalsoprovideavaluablesourceofwrittenrecords:
theycanreveal
informationaboutthelocationwheretheyarefound,whichcanprovide
evidenceabouttradepracticesthere,andtheirinscriptionscanbe
informativeabouttheissuingauthority,whethertheywerecity-states(asin
ancientGreece)orsolerulers(asinImperialRomeorinthekingdomsof
medievalEurope).
22、Thegreatriskwithhistoricalrecordsisthattheycanimposetheirown
perspectivesothattheybeginnotonlytosupplytheanswerstoour
questionsbutsubtlytodeterminethenatureofthosequestionsandevenour
conceptsandterminology.
23、NotallbotanistsagreewithanAfrican-SouthAmericancenterforthe
evolutionanddispersaloftheangiosperms,pointingoutthatmanyofthe
mostprimitiveformsoffloweringplantsarefoundintheSouthPacific,
includingportionsofFiji,NewCaledonia,NewGuinea,easternAustralia,and
theMalayArchipelago.
24、Toelaborate,beforetheeighthcentury,theelitemarriagepractice,which
wasanimportantinstrumentofpoliticalalliancemaking,hadencouraged
rulerstomaintainmultiplepalaces:
thatoftheirownfamilyandthoseoftheir
spouses,whocommonlyremainedatorneartheirnativefamilyheadquarters,
atleastforsomeyearsaftermarriage.
25、Nearlyfivebillionyearsago,someexternalinfluence,suchasashockwave
travelingfromacatastrophicexplosion(supernova),mayhavetriggeredthe
collapseofthishugecloudofgasesandminutegrainsofheavierelements,
causingthecloudtobegintoslowlycontractduetothegravitational
interactionsamongitsparticles.
26、Nearlyfivebillionyearsago,someexternalinfluence,suchasashockwave
travelingfromacatastrophicexplosion(supernova),mayhavetriggeredthe
collapseofthishugecloudofgasesandminutegrainsofheavierelements,
causingthecloudtobegintoslowlycontractduetothegravitational
interactionsamongitsparticles.
27、Steadyoverseasdemandforcolonialproductscreatedaprosperitythat
enabledcoloniststoconsumeever-largeramountsnotonlyofclothingbutof
dishware,homefurnishings,tea,andarangeofotheritemsbothproducedin
BritainandimportedbyBritishandcolonialmerchantsfromelsewhere.
28、Suchmaterialsasironandnickelandtheelementsofwhichtherock-forming
mineralsarecomposed—silicon,calcium,sodium,andsoforth—formed
metallicandrockyclumpsthatorbitedtheSun.
29、Thisactwasintendedlesstoraiserevenuethantoserveasaprotectivetariff
(tax)thatwouldbenefitBritishWestIndiansugarproducersattheexpense
oftheirFrenchrivals.
30、ParliamentusedBritishtaxmoneytopaymodestincentivestoAmericans
producingsuchitemsassilk,iron,dyes,hemp,andlumber,whichBritain
wouldotherwisehavehadtoimportfromothercountries,anditraisedthe
priceofcommercialrivals’importsbyimposingprotectivetariffsonthem.
31、Theconceptofchromaticadaptationwasproposedin1883;andthe
hypothesiswasacceptedforabout100years,untilitwasrealizedthatsuch
zonationdidnotnecessarilyoccurandthatthedistributionofseaweeds
dependedmoreonherbivory(theconsumptionofplantmaterial),
competition,varyingconcentrationofthespecializedpigments,andtheability
ofseaweedstoaltertheirformsofgrowth.
32、First,demandfornewsincreasedasEurope’scommercialandpolitical
interestsspreadaroundtheglobe—merchantsinLondon,Liverpool,or
Glasgow,forexample,cametodependonearlynewsofCaribbeanharvests
andgainsandlossesincolonialwars.
33、Industrieswithhighconcentrationsofemploymentinurbanareas,wherea
worker’schangeofemployerdoesnotnecessarilyrequireinvestingina
changeofresidence,appeartohavehigherratesofjobturnoverthan
industriesconcentratedinnonmetropolitanareasdo.
34、Someresearchers,forexample,havearguedthataparticularkindofpottery,
calledRameyincised(whichisincisedwithfiguresofeyes,fish,arrows,and
abstractobjectsandwasusedbythepeopleintheareaofpresent-day
MissouriandIllinoisataboutA.D900),wasprimarilyusedtodistributefood
butwasalsousedtocommunicatetheideathatthesociety’selite,forwhom
thepotsweremade,weremediatorsofcosmicforces.
35、Thereareseverallimitingfactors,butresultsfromarecentexperiment
suggestthatinareasoftheoceanwhereothernutrientsareplentiful,iron
maybeoneofthemostimportantand,untilrecently,unrecognizedvariables
controllingphytoplanktonp