考研英语真题及答案卷一打印版.docx

考研英语真题及答案卷一打印版.docx

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考研英语真题及答案卷一打印版

考研资料

2005-2019年全国研究生入学考试试卷及参考答案（打印版）

英语

2019年研究生入学统一考试（英语一）

Section ⅠUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.（10points）

TodayweliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigationappsareavailableonoursmartphones.  1  ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphone.Butphones  2  onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize.  3  yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou  4  can’tfindnorth,afewtrickstohelpyounavigate  5  tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland...

Whenyoufindyourselfwell  6  atrail,butnotinacompletely  7  area,youhavetoanswertwoquestions:

Which  8 isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?

Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?

Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater.  9  ,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH2Oyoufind,youshould  10 seesignsofpeople.

Ifyou’veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights—youmaybe  11  howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.

Another  12  :

Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation. 13 ,evenindenseforest,youshouldbeableto   14  gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve 15 thewoods.Headtowardthese  16 tofindawayout.Atnight,scanthehorizonfor  17 lightsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.

 18 ,assumingyou’relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe  19 weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturescan  20  youtocivilization.

1. [A]Some[B]Most[C]Few[D]All

2. [A]put[B]take[C]run[D]come

3. [A]Since[B]If[C]Though[D]Until

4. [A]formally[B]relatively[C]gradually[D]literally

5. [A]back [B]next[C]around[D]away

6. [A]onto[B]off[C]across[D]alone

7. [A]unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar

8. [A]site[B]point[C]way[D]place

9. [A]So[B]Yet[C]Instead[D]Besides

10. [A]immediately[B]intentionally[C]unexpectedly[D]eventually

11. [A]surprised[B]annoyed[C]frightened[D]confused

12. [A]problem[B]option[C]view[D]result

13. [A]Aboveall[B]Incontrast[C]Onaverage[D]Forexample

14. [A]bridge[B]avoid[C]spot[D]separate

15. [A]from[B]through[C]beyond[D]under

16. [A]posts[B]links[C]shades[D]breaks

17. [A]artificial [B]mysterious [C]hidden  [D]limited

18. [A]Finally [B]Consequently [C]incidentally[D]Generally

19. [A]memories [B]marks [C]notes  [D]belongings

20. [A]restrict [B]adopt [C]lead  [D]expose

SectionⅡReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.Markyouranswersonthe ANSWERSHEET.（40points）

Text1

FinancialregulationsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis“clawback”ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:

morelongtermdecision-makingnotonlybybanksbutalsobuallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.

“Short-termism”orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland’stopeconomist.AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagiantofclassicaleconomies,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike“Childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce”ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.

TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm’seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed“quarterlycapitalism”.

Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshortensattentionspansinfinancialmarkers.“Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,”saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninspeechthisweek.

IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce“short-termism.”InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat“asubstantialpart”ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.

Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage“long-termism,”suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinacompany.

Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britain’snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.

21. AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisthe_________.

A. enhancebanker’ssenseofresponsibility

B. helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits

C. buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation

D. guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives

22. AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate_________.

A. theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits

B. governments’impatienceindecision-making

C. thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies

D. “short-termism”ineconomicsactivities

23. Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbe__________.

A. indirect

B. adverse

C. minimal

D. temporary

24. TheUSandFranceexamples areusedtoillustrate____________.

A. theobstaclestopreventing“short-termism”.

B. thesignificanceoflong-termthinking.

C. theapproachestopromoting“long-termism”.

D. theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.

25. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A. FailureofQuarterlyCapitalism

B. PatienceasaCorporateVirtue

C. DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives

D. FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers

  Text2

Gradeinflation--thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs（grade-pointaverages）overthepastfewdecades—isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce—apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled“gradeforgiveness”—ishelpingraiseGPAs.

    Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent’soverallGPA.

    Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool（andpayingtuition）andimprovetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcollegessaveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.

    Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty.“Untimely,”saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity’sregistrar,“weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcontentsormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.”

  Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges’ownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention—sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents—who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill—feelthey’vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.

  Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers’expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible—oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students’andcolleges’incentivesseemtobealigned.

26. Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?

A. Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.

B. Students’indifferencetoGPAS.

C. Colleges’neglectofGPAS.

D. Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.

27. Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?

A. Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.

B. Tomaintaincolleges’graduationrates.

C. Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.

D. Toincreaseuniversities’incomefromtuition.

28. AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablecollegesto_________.

A. obtainmorefinancialsupport

B. boosttheirstudentenrollments

C. improvetheirteachingquality

D. meetlocalgovernments’needs

29. Whatdoesthephrase“tobealigned”（Line5,Para.6）mostprobablymean?

A. Tocounterbalanceeachother.

B. Tocomplementeachothe