英语语法精髓doc.docx

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英语语法精髓doc

名词、数词、冠词

一、名词

1、在句子里使用名词应注意的问题:

名词的数:

单数、复数和不可数;

名词的格:

通格和属格(’s)

名词的限定:

特指、泛指、数量和习惯用法,即名词前加冠词或

其它限定词,例如:

some,many,this,my等

2、名词的数和单位词:

1)复型名词+复数动词

Thetrousersaretoobigforme.Pleaseshowmethesmallerpair.

备用词:

shoes,stockings,glasses,socks

2)复型名词+单数动词

A.ThenewsonTVisseldomsatisfying.

备用词:

mathematics,physics,politics,means,works,theUnitedStates

B.Twentymilesisalongwaytowalk.

备用词:

fivepounds,twofeet,sixweeks

3)集合名词+复数名词

Thepolicehavesurroundedthebuilding.

Cattlearesellingforrecordprice(创记录).

备用词:

theenemy,(the)people

NOTICE:

表示由若干人组成的集合体的单数词常可作复数用,

但若把这个集合体看作整体就用作单数:

Myfamilyarewonderful.Theydoalltheycanforme.

Thefamilywhichnowconsistsoffourmembersatmostis

smallerthanitusedtobe.

4)不可数名词作可数的情况

A.部分不可数名词可以有下列情况

a(an)+adj.+n.

Itlookslikerain.athirstyforknowledge(求知欲)

aheavyrainHehasagoodknowledgeofpolitics.

备用词:

snow,breakfast,wine,oil,education

B.口语特例(特定场合)

A(One)beer,please.

Twoteasandfourcoffees,please.

5)既是可数又是不可数的名词

Ibrokeaglassthismorning.(杯子)

Glassismadefromsand.(玻璃)

备用词:

paper/apaper,light(光)/alight(灯);

ice(冰)/anice(冰激凌),chicken(鸡肉)/achicken(雏鸡)

6)单位词

A.个数

apieceofinformation(furniture,advice…)

B.以形状表示个数

agrainofrice,aflightofstairs

C.容量

aboxofmatches,acupoftea

D.计量

ametreofcloth,atonofcoal

E.其它

a(new)setoftools(wires,teeth,rules)

3、名词的格:

1)’s的用法

A.与时间有关的名词

anight’ssleeptenminutes’walk

NOTICE:

atwo-hourwalk=twohours’walk

B.和else连用

bookcanthisbe?

A.Whoelse’sB.Whoseelse

C.Who’selseD.Whoseelse’s(A)

C.‘s修饰的词,如果前面提到,可省略

ThisisJack’sbook,notTom’s.

ThisbookisJack’snotTom’s.

D.表示店、铺、家、诊所等,‘s后面的名词省略

attheGreen’s(house),atthedoctor’s(office)

2)OF结构表示所有关系

A.无生命的名词用of

thepriceofthesuccess

B.有生命的名词被一个短语或从句修饰而表示所有关系时用of

Can’tyoulookatthebookoftheboybehindyou?

3)双重所有格

‘s与of结构并用,此时of结构所修饰的名词前通常有a,an,two,some,that等

MissSmithisafriendofMary’smother’s.

thatbrotherofthegirl

4)名词+名词(名词用作形容词)

A.单数名词+名词  ashoe(flower)shopticketoffice

NOTICE:

thetailor’s(shop)

B.复数名词 + 名词

    sportsmeetclothesshopwomenpilots

二、数词

1、数词在使用时应注意的问题:

●易错数词:

● 年月日及介词

● 计算用词

● 和数字相关的词

2、综合

 1)数字表达:

   123,856,709

onehundredandtwenty-threemillion,eighthundredand

fifty-sixthousand,sevenhundredandnine

2)年月日inthemorning;onthemorningofSeptember1;

inSeptember;in1988;onSeptember1(onthefirstofSeptember)

3、计算

+ Sixandfiveis(are)eleven.

Sixhundredplusfortyis(equals)sixhundredandforty.

- Fourfromsevenis(leaves)three.

Sixhundredminusonehundredequalsfivehundred.

X16x11=176

Sixteentimeselevenis(makes)onehundredandseventy-six.

÷9÷3=3

Ninedividedbythreeequalsthree.

4、dozen,score

A.threedozeneggs;threedozenoftheseeggs;dozensofeggs

B.threescoreyears;a(three)scoreofpeople;scoresoftimes

5、小数,分数,百分比引导的短语作主语时的主谓一致问题.

分数和百分数引导的短语作主语,其谓语动词的数应根据分数和百分数后面的名词来确定.如果是可数名词的复数,其谓语动词用复数形式;如果是不可数名词或单数可数名词其谓语动词用单数形式.

Morethan40percentofthestudentswearglasses.

70percentodthefund(资金)wassuppliedbytheGovernment.

6、“一个半...”的表达法.  

onepoundandahalf,oneandahalfyears

三、冠词

1、冠词应注意的问题

● 习惯用法

● 同一名词前不同名词的比较

2、不定冠词

1)成对的名词(此类名词间常有一种自然的联系)

aknifeandfork

2)amost+n.“非常“Thisisamostbeautifulcountry.

3)a(an)与one之区别

A.数字对比用oneItwasonecoffeeweordered,nottwo.

B.对比 Aknifeisnogood. (刀子不行)

      Oneknifeisnogood. (一把刀子不行)

  C.通用 a(one)million,a(one)quarter

4)a(an)与every之比较:

threetimesayear;twiceeverythreeyears

5)惯用法 A.Whatasurprise!

Whatalovelydress!

quiteanicedayratheragoodidea

suchafunnyexpression

B.toocoldadayHowlovelyadress!

sostrangeapersonasgoodamapas

3、定冠词

1)普通名词组成的专有名词theGreatWalltheSummerPalace

2)江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、海湾thePacific(Ocean)

3)the+adj.(-ing;-ed)

A.指一类人,谓语用复数

Theoldarebeingtakengoodcareof.

B.指一类事,谓语用单数

Thebeautifulisnotalwaysthesameasthegood.

4)用在radio,piano,telephone,方位、次序、自然现象(rain)、身体

部位前Hehatesthetelephone.

5)被定语从句、介词短语、副词短语、不定式短语等修饰的名词前

Theboywhoyouarelookingfor(inblue,there,standingthere,

dressedinblue)isastudent.

4、零冠词

1)街道、广场、节假日、季节、月份、星期、棋类、球类等

NationalDayNanjingRoad

2)职位充当补语、同位语时

Hewaselectedheadmasteroftheschool.

3)成对出现的成语

arminarm(手挽手),handinhand(手牵手),facetoface,

sidebyside(肩并肩),dayandnight,youngandold,

fromdoortodoor,frommorningtillnight,frombeginningtoend

5、冠词比较

1)gotoschool(hospital,church);inprison(强调用途)

gototheschool,visittheprison(强调建筑物本身)

2)I’llgotherenextFriday.(以说话时间为准)

In1989,hewas28,andthenextyear,hewas29.(以所给时间为准)

3)byair(plane,boat…)inaspaceship(onthebike,onthebus)

4)Openthewindowtoletinfreshair.(泛指)

Theairintheroomisnotfresh.(特指)

5)beattablebeatthetable

6)acupofcoffeeTwocoffees,please.Ilikewhitecoffee.

Thisisaverygoodcoffee.ThecoffeeonthetableisTom’s.

7)Mr.Whiteiswaitingtoseeyou.AMr.Whiteiswaitingtoseeyou.

TheMr.Whiteyouarelookingforiswaitingtoseeyou.

8)Ahorseisausefulanimal.Thehorseisausefulanimal.

Horsesareusefulanimals.

9)thebestseasonoftheyearthebesttimeofyear

EXERCISES1(单选)

1.---I’dlikeinformationaboutthemanagementofyourhotel,please.

---Well,youcouldhavewordwiththemanager.Hemightbehelpful.

A.some,aB.an,someC.some,someD.an,a

2.Ifbyanychancesomeonecomestoseeme,askthemtohavea.

A.messageB.letterC.sentenceD.notice

3.Hedroppedtheandbrokeit.A.cupofcoffee

B.coffee’scupC.cupforcoffeeD.coffeecup

4.Thereareonlytwelveinthehospital.A.womandoctors

B.womendoctorsC.womendoctorD.womandoctor

5.---Howmanydoesacowhave?

---Four.

A.stomachesB.stomachC.stomachsD.stomachines

6.Theofthebuildingarecoveredwithlotsof.(AADBCA)

A.roofs,leavesB.rooves,leafsC.roof,leafD.roofs,leafs

7.Thatwasafiftyengine.A.horsepower

B.horsespowerC.horsepowersD.horsespowers

8.---Howfarawayisitfromheretoyourschool?

---It’sabout.

A.halfanhour’sdriveB.halfhoursdrives

C.halfanhourdrivesD.halfanhourdrive

9.LastweekIcalledatmy.

A.auntB.auntsC.aunt’sD.aunts’s

10.You’llfindthismapofgreatinhelpingyoutogetroundLondon.

A.priceB.costC.usefulnessD.value

11.AlexanderGrahamBellinventedtelephonein1876.

A.不填B.aC.theD.one

12.---Where’sJack?

---Ithinkhe’sstillinbedbuthemightjustbeinbathroom.A.不填,不填B.the,the

C.the,不填D.不填,the(AACDCD)

13.Manypeoplearestillinhabitofwritingsillythingsinpublicplaces.A.the,theB.不填,不填

C.the,不填D.不填,the

14.Sheisnewcomertochemistrybustshehasalreadymadesome

importantdiscoveries.

A.the,theB.the,不填C.a,不填D.a,the

15.---Haveyouseenpen?

Ileftitherethismorning.

---Isitblackone?

IthinkIsawitsomewhere.

A.a,theB.the,theC.a,aD.the,a

16.PapermoneywasinuseinChinawhenMarcoPolovisitedthe

countryinthirteenthcentry.

A.the,不填B.不填,theC.the,theD.不填,不填

17.Thewarmthofsweaterwillofcoursebedeterminedbythesortof

woolused.

A.the,theB.the,不填C.不填,theD.不填,不填

18.SummersinsouthofFranceareformostpartdryandsunny.

A.不填,aB.the,不填C.不填,不填D.the,the(CCCBBD)

19.Aroughestimate,Nigeriais__________GreatBritain.(05上海卷)(D)

A.threetimesthesizeasB.thesizethreetimesof

C.threetimesasthesizeofD.threetimesthesizeof

20.Heprovedhimselfatruegentlemanandthebeautyofhis_______wasseenatitsbestwhenheworkedwithothers.(05上海卷)(D)

A.temperB.appearanceC.talentD.character

21.IamsureDavidwillbeabletofindthelibrary—hehasaprettygood_______ofdirection.(05浙江卷)(D)

A.ideaB.feelingC.experienceD.sense

22.Billwasdoingalotofphysicalexercisetobuilduphis_______.

(05天津卷)(C)

A.abilityB.forceC.strengthD.mind

23.My______ofthisweekend’sactivityisgoingoutwithsomegoodfriends.(05安徽卷)(A)

A.ideaB.opinionC.mindD.thought

24.TheheadofficeofthebankisinBeijing,butithas____alloverthecountry.(05辽宁卷)(B)

A.companiesB.branchesC.organizationsD.businesses

25.Ittookusquitealongtimetogethere.Itwas______journey.(05北京春)(C)

A.three-hourB.athreehourC.athree-hourD.threehours

26.Studentsshouldbeencouragedtouse___Internetas____resource.

(08山东)A.不填;aB.不填;theC.the;theD.the;a

Dtheinternet表示一类事物,aresource表示是资源的一种。

代词

一、人称代词

1、多个人称代词的排列顺序:

①youandI②heandI③youandhe

④you,heandI⑤you,theyandwe(情况多)

2、It的用法

①代替this,that

That’sabook,isn’tit?

②做某动作的人或婴儿

---Someoneiscoming.Whocanitbe?

---ItmaybeJack.

It’salovelybaby.Isitaboyoragirl?

③表示时间、距离、自然现象

It’s20milesto(from)Paris.

3、简略回答中用so,not,it的情况:

①肯定答语中,下列动词后面常用so:

think,hope,believe,I’mafraid,Itseems(appears),etc.

---Isittruethathehadaheartattack?

---I’mafraidso./Ibelieveso./Itseemsso.

②否定答语中用not:

---HasAnnegotintouniversity?

---I’mafraidnot./Ithinknot./Itseemsnot.

③协力动词中也可以用not…so:

believe,think,suppose,expect,etc

Idon’tbelieveso./Idon’tthinkso.

④do代替上下文动词,并且表示一个已完成的动作时,

do后常用so/it:

---Pleaselaythetable.

---I’vejustdoneso(it).

二、指示代词

★that,one,it的区别

①one代替可数名词,表示泛指;theone

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