文献翻译电子商务中英文对照.docx

文献翻译电子商务中英文对照.docx

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文献翻译电子商务中英文对照

外文文献及译文

文献、资料题目：

ElectronicCommerce

外文文献：

ElectronicCommerce

Electroniccommerce,orElectronictrade,orelectronicbusinessasanewlyrisingmodeofcommercewillhavefar-reachinginfluenceonsocialeconomyandplayanimportantroleinsocialdevelopmentworldwide.Itrepresentsthetrendofworldtradeinthe21stcenturyandbeyond.

1.WhatisElectronicCommerce?

Electroniccommercereferstocommercialdataexchangeindigitalformthroughelectronictransmissionmeansandcommercialactivitiesconductedon-line.Usually,electroniccommercecanbedividedintotwolevels:

Oneislow-levelelectroniccommercethatis,electroniccommercialintelligence,electronictrade,andelectroniccontracts.Anotherishigh-levelelectroniccommercewhichincludesallcommercialactivitiesdoneviaInternet,rangingfromsearchingforclients,commercialnegotia-tion,makingorders,on-linepayment,releasingelectronicinvoice,toelectronicdec-larationtoCustoms,electronictax-payment,allconductedonInternet.

Electroniccommercemeanselectrificationofalltradetransactions.Itisfeaturedbythesecharacters:

①fairnessandfreedom,②highefficiency,③globalization,④virtualization,⑤interactivity,⑥autonomy,⑦personalizedservice.Withelectroniccommerce,clientsandsupplierscancloselyandconvenientlycontactwitheachotheronaglobalscale,sothatclientscanfindsatisfactorysuppliersfromallcomersoftheworldtomeettheirdemands.

Electroniccommercewillchangetheenvironmentinwhichenterprisescompetewitheachotherandreducecostswhichwouldotherwisebehighintraditionalmarketstructure.Lowcostsintransactions,convenienceinmarketentryandgovernmentencouragementtouseInternet（exemptionfromtax）activateelectroniccommerceandboostittodeveloprapidlyrightfromitsbeginning.Asexpertspredicted,by2000,electroniccommercewouldreachascaleof300billionUSdollarsworldwide.Andithasexceededthisscale.

Toensuresecurityofelectroniccommerce,anelectroniccertificationcentershouldbeestablished.DigitalIDisusedtovalidateidentity.Digital11istrustedtoathirdparty,namely,anauthorizedagency,torelease,includingidentifyinginforma-tionoftheholder（name,address,liaisonway,IDcardnumber）,anencryptivekeyforcommonusebythebothparties,periodofvalidity,passwordandidentificationin-formationoftheauthorizedagency,etc.WithdigitalID,bothpartiesintransactionscanbeassuredofidentifyingtheotherpartyandvalidatethattheinformationsentoutfromtheotherpartyhasnotbeensubjecttoalteration.

2.InfluenceThatElectronicCommerceMayHave

Comparedwithtraditionalcommerce,electroniccommercehassuperioritiesasfollows

*Extensivecoverage.AnetworksystemcombiningInternet,Intranet（localareanetworkinsideenterprises）andExtranet（networksoutsideenterprises）enablesbuy-ers,sellers,manufacturersandtheirpartnerstocontactwitheachotherandconven-ientlytransmitcommercialintelligenceanddocumentsworldwide.

*Completefunctions.Inelectroniccommerce,usersofdifferenttypesandondif-ferenttierscanrealizedifferenttargetsintrade,forexample,releasingcommercialintelligence,on-linenegotiation,electronicpayment,establishmentofvirtualcom-mercialmarketplaceandon-linebanking,etc.

*Convenienceandflexibilityinuse..BasedonInternet,electroniccommerceisfreefromrestrictionbyspecializedprotocolfordataexchange.Transactionscanbeconductedconvenientlyoncomputerscreen,byusinganytypeofPCs,atanyplacearoundtheworld.

*Lowcost.Useofelectroniccommercecancutdowncostsforhiringemployees,maintainingwarehouseandstorefront,expenseforinternationaltravelandpostagetoagreatextent.ThecostforusingInternetisverylow.

Electroniccommercewillhavesubstantialinfluenceonsocialeconomy:

*Electroniccommercewillchangethewaypeopleusedtotakeincommercialac-tivities.Throughnetworks,peoplecanentervirtualstoresandbrowsearound,selectwhattheyareinterestedin,andenjoyvariouson-lineservices.Ontheotherhand,merchantscancontactwithconsumersthroughnetworks,decideonbuyingingoods（categoriesandquantities）andperformsettlementofaccounts.Governmentagenciescanperformelectronictenderingandpursuegovernmentpurchasethroughnetworks.

*Thecoreofelectroniccommerceispeople.Itisasocialsystem.On-lineshop-pingchangesthewayofpeople'sdailylifeandfullyembodiesautonomyofconsum-ersintrade.

*Electroniccommercechangesthewayenterprisesproducetheirgoods.Throughnetworks,manufacturersknowmarketdemanddirectlyandmakearrangementofproduction,inaccordancewithconsumers'need.

*Electroniccommercedramaticallyraisesefficiencyoftrade.Intermediatelinkscanbecutdown;costsforsaleswillbereducedtominimum.Productioncanbear-rangedin"smallbatchesplusdiversevarieties",and"zerostock"willbereality.

*Electroniccommercecallsforreformationofbankingservices.Newconceptslikeon-linebank,on-linecashcardandcreditcard,on-linesettlementofaccounts,electronicinvoice,electronic"cash"-consumerswillnolongerusetherealcashwhenshopping-willbecomereality.

*Electroniccommercewillchangegovernmentbehavior.Called"on-linegov-ernment",anon-lineadministrationplaystheimportantroleofasocialchannel,maintainingorderandfairnessanddetectingandcrackingdownon-linefraud.

3.ThePresentSituationofElectronicCommerceinDevelopedCountries

Inthemid-1990s,whenInternetexperiencedexplosivedevelopmentandmicro-computersenteredhomesingreatnumbers,computernetworksbecameanindispen-sablepartofpeople'sdailylife.Peopleexpectformoreinterestsandconveniencebroughtinbycomputernetworks.ElectronicCommerceemergedjustintime.Inde-velopedcountries,governmentstimelymadepoliciestoboostelectroniccommercetopracticaluseanddominantpositioninanewroundofworldwidecompetition.

In1998,InternethelpedtheUnitedStatestocreateproductiveoutputof507bil-lionUSdollars,nationalincomeof301billionUSdollars,and1.2millionjobop-portunities;ofthese,electroniccommercecreatedanincomeof100billionUSdollars.Internethasbe-comethefirstbigindustrywithyearlyproductiveoutputincreasingby60%，andaccountingfor6%ofGDP.ServiceexportfromtheUnitedStateshasat-tained160billionUSdollarseachyear,anditispredictedthatitcancompensatetradedeficitincommoditytrade.Internetplayedanimportantroleinpromotingex-portfromtheUnitedStates:

in1999,books,automobilesandservicesweresoldthroughelectroniccommercetoforeigncountries,exceeding102billionUSdollars.

AdvocatedbytheUnitedStates,132membersofWTOdecidedtoturnInternetintoafreetradezonewithinatleastone-yearterm.Somecountriesandorganizationsscrambledtoworkoutdevelopmentframeworkforelectroniccommerceandmadelawsandregulationsfordevelopingelectroniccommerce.In1996,theUNConfer-enceonTradeandDevelopmentpassed"ModelLawofElectronicCommerce".InDecember,1996,theUSgovernmentissued"PolicyFrameworkforGlobalElectronicCommerce"．InApril1997,EuropeanUnionissued"ProposalforElectronicCom-merceinEurope"．OnJuly11997,USPresidentClintonpromulgated"AframeworkforGlobalElectronicCommerce"whichhashadgreatinfluenceonglobalelectroniccommerce.InMay1998,WTOministerconferencepassed"AManifestoonGlobalElectronicCommerce",andinSeptember1998,WTOgeneralcouncilpassed"SchemeforElectronicCommerceWork"．InOctober1998,UNOrganizationofEconomyandCooperation＆Development（OECD）heldministerconferenceatOttawa,Canadaonelectroniccommerce,whichispraisedasamilestoneofglobalelectroniccommerce.InSeptember1999,GlobalBusinessDialogonElectronicCommerce（GBDE）washeldinFranceandis-sued"ParisProposal"．InDecember1999,theUnitedStatesissuedanotherInternetcommercestandard.

ElectroniccommerceintheUnitedStatestakesthereinofthetradeintheworld.Atpresent,thereare60millionsubscribersofInternetintheUnitedStates.Morethan98%ofpurchasingmanagersseektargetson-line.Asestimated,by2002,thevalueinvolvedintransactionsdonethroughelectroniccommercebetweenUSenterpriseswillaccountfor6.1%ofGDP.Fortunemagazine'sstatisticsshowthe500topcom-paniesintheworldallengagedinon-linebusiness.25%ofincometoIBM（about20billionUSdollars）isrelatedwithelectroniccommerce.Thankstoelectroniccom-merce,IBMsaveditsexpensesof250millionUSdollarsduring1999.HPCompanydesignateditselectronicCommercesolutionasE-world-anelectronizedworld.Thissolutionisorientedtomedium-andsmall-sizeenterprises,andgreatinvestmentwasmadetothirdparties-softwarecompaniestodevelopsoftwaresuitedformedium-andsmall-sizeenterprisestoengageinelectroniccommerce.Intelplacesitsriskyinvest-mentmainlyonInternetandelectroniccommerce.InJuly1998,Intelbeganon-linetransactionsItsmonthlybusinessturnelectroniccommercereachedonebillionUSdollars.

AsasurveymadebyEuropeanInformationTechnologyObservationshows,ofthesurveyed570companies,47%haveimplementedelectroniccommerceofsomesorts,and4/5ofthembegantheirelectroniccommerceinthelatesttwoyears.Execu-tiveCommitteeofEuropeanUnionplansatleast25%ofitspurchasedonethroughelectroniccommerceby2001.In1998,inAustralia,websitesrelatedwithelectroniccommerceonInternetdoubledinnumber,and11%ofAustralianenterpriseshavetheirwebsites.80%ofAustraliancompaniesuseInternettotransmitE-mailsandcond