博英语试题.docx

博英语试题.docx

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博英语试题

考博英语试题

02年部分II.ReadingComprehension（25points）

Directions:

Therearefivepassagesinthispart.Eachofthepassagesisfollowedbyfivequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.

1

Thereisanewtypeofsmalladvertisementbecomingincreasinglycommoninnewspaperclassifiedcolumns.Itissometimesplacedamong“situationsvacant”,althoughitdoesnotofferanyoneajob;andsometimesitappearsamong“situationswanted”,althoughitisnotplacedbysomeonelookingforajobeither.Whatitdoesistoofferhelpinapplyingforajob.

“Contactusbeforewritingapplication”,or“Makeuseofourlongexperienceinpreparingyourcurriculumvitae,orjobhistory”,ishowitisusuallyexpressed.Thegrowthandapparentsuccessofsuchaspecializedserviceis,ofcourse,areflectiononthecurrenthighlevelsofunemployment.Itisalso,anindicationofgrowingimportanceofthecurriculumvitae.（orjobhistory）,withthesuggestionthatitmaynowqualifyasanartforminitsownright.

Therewasatimewhenjobseekerssimplywrotelettersofapplication.“Justputdownyourname,address,ageandwhetheryouhavepassedanyexams”,wasabouttheaveragelevelofadviceofferedtoyoungpeopleapplyingfortheirfirstjobswhenIleftschool.Theletterwasreallyjustforopeners,itwasexplained.Everythingelsecouldandshouldbesavedfortheinterview.Andinthosedaysoffullemploymentthetechniqueworked.Theletterprovedthatyoucouldwriteandwereavailableforwork.Youreagerfaceandintelligentrepliesdidtherest.

Later,asyoumoveduptheladder,somethingslightlymoresophisticatedwascalledfor.Theadvicethenwastoputsomethingintheletterwhichwoulddistinguishyoufromtherest.Itmightbetheaggressiveapproach.”yoursearchisover.Iamthepersonyouarelookingfor,”wasawidelyusedtrickthatoccasionallysucceeded.Oritmightbesomespecialfeaturespecialfeaturespeciallydesignedforthejobinview.

Thereisnodoubt,however,thatitistheincreasingnumberofapplicantswithuniversityeducationatallpointsintheprocessofengagingstaffthathasledtothegreaterimportanceofthecurriculumvitae.

16.Thenewtypeofadvertisementwhichisappearinginnewspapercolumns.

A.informsjobhuntersoftheopportunitiesavailable

B.promisesusefuladvicetothoselookingforemployment

C.dividesavailablejobsintovarioustypes　　D.informsemployersthatpeopleareavailableforwork.

17.Nowadaysademandforthisspecializedtypeofservicehasbeencreatedbecause.

A.thereislackofjobsavailableforartisticpeople

B.therearesomanytop-leveljobsavailable　　C.therearesomanypeopleoutofwork

D.thejobhistoryisconsideredtobeaworkofart.

18.Inthepastitwasexpectedthatfirst-jobhunterswould.

A.writeaninitiallettergivingtheirlifehistory

B.passsomeexamsbeforeapplyingforajob

C.havenoqualificationsotherthanbeingabletoreadandwrite

D.keepanydetailedinformationuntiltheyobtainedaninterview

19.Later,asonewentontoapplymoreimportantjobs,onewasadvisedtoincludeintheletter

.

A.somethingthatwouldattractattentiontoone’sapplication

B.apersonalopinionabouttheorganizationonewastryingtojoin

C.somethingthatwouldofferedthatpersonreadingit

D.aliethatonecouldeasilygetwithtelling

20.Thejobhistoryhasbecomesuchanimportantdocumentbecause.

A.therehasbeenadecreaseinthenumberofjobsadvertised

B.therehasbeenanincreaseinthenumberof“qualified”jobhunters

C.jobsarebecomingmuchmorecomplicatednowadays

D.theotherprocessesofapplyingforjobsaremorecomplicated

2

PitythosewhoaspiretoputtheinitialsPhDaftertheirnames.After16yearsofcloselysupervisededucation,prospectivedoctorsofphilosophyareleftmoreorlessalonetowritetheequivalentofalargebook.Mostsocial-sciencepostgraduateshavestillnotcompletedtheirthesesbythetimetheirgrantrunsoutafterthreeyears.Theymustthengetajobandfinishintheirsparetime,whichcanoftentakeafurtherthreeyears.Bythen,mostnewdoctorsaresicktodeathofthenarrowlydefinedsubjectwhichhasblightedtheirholidaysandruinedtheirevenings.

TheEconomicandSocialResearchCouncil,whichgivesgrantstopostgraduatesocialscientists,wantstogetbettervalueformoneybycuttingshortthisagony.Itwouldliketoseefastercompletionrates:

untilrecently,onlyabout25%ofPhDcandidateswerefinishingwithinfouryears.TheESRC’sresponsehasbeentostopPhDgrantstoallinstitutionswheretheproportiontakinglessthanfouryearsisbelow10%;inthefirstyearofthispolicythenationalaverageshotupto39%.TheESRCfeelsvindicatedinitstoughness,andwillprogressivelyraisethethresholdto40%intwoyears.Unlesscompletionratesimprovefurther,thiswouldexclude55outof73universitiesandpolytechnics-includingOxfordUniversity,theLondonSchoolofEconomicsandtheLondonBusinessSchool.

Predictably,howlsofprotesthavecomefromtheuniversities,whoviewtheblacklistingofwholeinstitutionsasarbitraryandnegative.Theypointoutthatmanyofthebeststudentsgoquicklyintojobswheretheycanapplytheirresearchskills,butconsequentlytakelongertofinistheirtheses.PolytechnicswithasfewastwoPhDcandidatescomplainthattheyarepenalizedbyrandomfluctuationsinstudentperformance.Thecollegessaythereisnohardevidencetoprovethatfastercompletionratesresultfromgreaterefficiencyratherthanlowerstandardsorlessambitiousdoctoraltopics.

TheESRCthinksitmightnotbeabadthingifPhDstudentsweremoremodestintheiraims.Itwouldprefertoseemoresystematicteachingofresearchskillsandfewerunrealisticexpectationsplacedonyoungmenandwomenwhoareundertakingtheirfirstpieceofseriousresearch.Soinfutureitsgrantswillbegivenonlywhereitisconvincedthatstudentsarebeingtrainedasresearchers,ratherthancarryingoutpurelyknowledge-basedstudies.

TheESRCcannotdictatethestandardofthesisrequiredbyexternalexaminers,orforcedepartmentstogivegraduatesmoreteachingtime.Themostitcandoistotrytopersuadeuniversitiestochangetheirways.Recalcitrantprofessorsshouldnotethatstudentswantmoreresearchtrainingandalesselaboratestyleofthesis,too.

21.Bytimenewdoctorsgetajobandtrytofinishtheirthesesinsparetime,.

A.mostofthemdiedofsomesickness

B.theirholidaysandeveningshavebeenruinedbytheirjobs

C.mostofthemarecompletelytiredofthenarrowlydefinedsubject

D.mostoftheirgrantsrunout

22.OxfordUniversitywouldbeexcludedoutofthoseuniversitiesthatreceivePhDgrantsfromESRC,becausethecompletionrateofitsPhDstudents’theseswithinfouryearsislowerthan

.

A.25%B.40%C.39%D.10%

23.AllthefollowingstatementsaretheargumentsagainstESRC’spolicyexcept.

A.alltheinstitutionsontheblacklistarearbitraryandnegative

B.thereisnohardevidencetoprovethatfastercompletionratesresultfromgreaterefficiencyratherthanlowerstandardsorlessambitiousdoctoraltopics.

C.manyofthebeststudentsgoquicklyintojobswheretheycanapplytheirresearchskills,butconsequentlytakelongertofinishtheirtheses.

D.somepolytechnicsarepenalizedbyrandomfluctuationsinstudentperformance

24.TheESRCwouldprefer.

A.thatthestudentswerecarryingoutpurelyknowledge-basedstudiesratherthanbeingtrainedasresearchers.

B.toseehigherstandardsofPhDstudents’thesesandmoreambitiousdoctoraltopics

C.moresystematicteachingofresearchskillstofewerunrealisticexpectationsplacedoninexperiencedyoungPhDstudents.

D.thatPhDstudentswerelessmodestintheiraims

25.whattheESRCcandoisto.

A.forcedepartmentstogivegraduatesmoreteachingtime

B.trytopersuadeuniversitiestochangetheirways

C.dictatethestandardofthesisrequiredbyexternalexaminers

D.notethatstudentswantmoreresearchtrainingandlesselaboratestyleofthesis

3

Influenzashouldnotbedismissedasatrivialdisease.Itkillsthousandsofpeopleeveryyearataveryhighcosttotheeconomy,hitshardesttheyoungandtheelderly,andismostdangerousforpeopleovertheageof65.influenzaismainlyaseasonalillnessofthewintermonths,thoughintropicalandsubtropicalareasofAsiaandthePacificitcanoccuralltheyearround.

Thedamagingeffectsofinfluenzacanbepreventedbyimmunization,butconstantchangesofantigenicspecificityofthevirusnecessitateadifferentcompositionofthevaccinefromoneyeartoanother.ThenetworkofWHOCollaboratingCentersforInfluenzaandnationalinstitutescarriesoutinfluenzasurveillanceactivitiestomonitortheevaluationofinfluenzavirusstrains,andWHOholdanannualconsultationattheendofFebruarytorecommendthecompositionofthevaccinefortheforthcomingepidemiologicalseason.TheserecommendationsarepublishedimmediatelyintheWeeklyepidemiologicalrecord.

Vaccinationeachyearagainstinfluenzaisrecommendedforcertainhigh-riskpopulations.Inclosedorsemi-closedsettings,maximumbenefitfromimmunizationislikelytobeachievedwhenmorethanthree-quartersofthepopulationarevaccinatedsothatthebenefitof“herdimmunity”canbeexploited.Specialcareshouldbetakenofthefollowinggroups:

--adultsandchildrenwithchronicdisordersofthepulmonaryorcardiovascularsystemsrequiringregularmedicalfollow-uporwhohadbe