英美国家概况之英国.docx

英美国家概况之英国.docx

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英美国家概况之英国

填空题

Chapter1

1.TheBritishIslesaresituatedinthenorthwestofEurope.TheyarecutofffromthecontinentbytheEnglishChannel.OnthenorthandtheeasttheIslesfacetheNorthSea,andonthewesttheyfacetheAtlanticOcean.ThefulltitleoftheUnitedKingdomisTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.

3.Beforetheearly20thcentury,NorthernIrelandwaspartofIrelandasawhole.In1920,itbecomepartoftheUnitedKingdom,withaseparatedparliamentandself-government.TherewereoriginallysixcountriesinNorthernIreland.Butsince1973ithasasingle-tiersystemof26administrativedistricts.

4.TheclimateinBritainismoderatedbytheAtlanticGulfStream,andismuchmilderthanthatofmanyplacesinthesamelatitude.Theclimateisgenerallyequable,butthedaytodayconditionsarechangeable.

Chapter2

1.TheWelsh,theScots,theIrisharethedescendantsofCeltswhocamefromEuropetotheBritishIslescenturiesbeforetheRomaninvasion.ItwasthesepeoplewhomtheGermanicAnglosandSaxonsconqueredinthe5thand6thcenturiesAD.TheseGermanicconquerorswereconqueredinturnbytheNormanFrench,whenWilliamofNormandylandednearHastingsin1066.ItwasfromtheunionofNormanconquerorsandtheAnglo-SaxonsthattheEnglishpeopleandtheEnglishlanguagewereborn.

2.CockneyEnglishisveryrichinslang,especiallyrhymingslang.Thesecondpartoftherhymingslangisoftenomitted.

4.WalesisanancientCelticlanguage.In1535Welshwasforbiddenasanofficiallanguage,butin1965itwasgivenequalitywithEnglishforallofficialuseinWales.Welshliteraturedatesbacktothe6thcenturyAD.MuchearlyWelshpoetryisheroicorelegiac,andconcernspre-Christianheroes,andtheirexploits.WelshliteraturehadaprofoundinfluenceinmedievalEurope,asitisthesourcebothofArthurianlegendandthatoftheHolyGrail.From15thcenturyonwardclassicalWelshliteraturedeclined.

Chapter3

1.Soonafter700BCtheCeltsfromupperRhineLandofnorthwestEuropecametosettleontheBritishIsles.ThefirstwaveofCelticinvaderswastheGales,whoselanguageisstillspokeninScotland.Fromabout500BCanothergroupofCeltscalledBrythonscameanddrovetheGalestothenorthandwest.FromtheBrythonscametheEnglishnameforBritain.Athirdwave,BelgaefromNorthernGaul,arrivedabout100BCandoccupiedthegreaterpartofwhatarenowknownastheHomeCounties.

2.TheRomanoccupationofBritainlastednearly400years,anditwastheRomanwhobroughtChristianitytoEngland.

5.TheNormanConquestwasineffectaFrenchconquestandtheimpositionuponEnglandofarulingFrencharistocracy.Intheconsequence,Norman-FrenchoftheconquerorsreplaceEnglishasanauthoritativelanguageinEngland.Englishbecamelower-classlanguage.Itwasnotuntil14thcenturythatEnglishagainbecamethelanguageofricherandculturalclass.SoMiddleEnglish（1150-1450）wasstronglymodifiedbyanextensiveinfusionofFrenchvocabulary.

Chapter4

4.TheGreatChapterwassignedbyKingJohnin1215.Thisfeudalcontractguaranteedthebarons’traditionalfeudalrights.Itwaschieflyimportantasanexpressingoftheprincipleoflimitedgovernment;itforwardtheideathatthekingwasboundbythelawoftheland.Therightofrevoltagainstunjustgovernmentwasspelledoutinthedocument.ThiswastobeafactorintheAmericanRevolution.TheGreatChapteristraditionallyregardedasthebasisofEnglishliberties.

6.TheBlackDeathstruckEuropeinthemiddleofthe14thcenturyandreachedEnglandinthesummerof1348.ThesuddenandviolenteffectinEnglandwasthefallinthepopulation,andconsequentlyinthelaborforce.ThegovernmenttriedtocheckthisbytheStatueofLabourersof1351,whichmadeitacriminaloffenceforlabourerstodemand,orforemployerstopay,morethanthemaximumwagesfixedbythejusticesinthedistrict.

Chapter5

5.Renaissancemeansrebirth.ThewordwasfirstusedbyItalianscholarsinthemid-16thcenturytoexpresstherediscoveryofancientRomanandGreekculture.ButmodernscholarsaremoreinclinetousethetermtoexpressthegreatvarietyofchangesthatEuropeunderwentpolitically,economicallyandculturallybetween1450and1600.

Chapter6

3.TheLongParliamentlastedfor13years.DuringtheCivilWar,thesupportersofParliamentwerecalledRoundheads,whilethesupportersoftheKingwerecalledCavaliers.

5.TheHabeasCorpusActhasbeencalledoneofthefourpillarsoftheBritishConstitution.TheotherthreeincludesMagnaCartathePetitionofRightof1628,andtheBillofRightsof1689.

6.InJune1688,bothWhigsandToriesinvitedWilliamandMarytobecomethejointrulersofEngland.Thisisthefamousbloodlessorso-calledGloriousRevolutionof1688.SincetheneveryEnglishMonarchrulesthecountrybypermissionofParliament.

Chapter7

1.ThefirstPrimeMinisterinEnglishhistorywasSirRobertWalpole.

3.TheIndustrialRevolutioninBritainstartedinthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury,andfirstbeganinthetextileindustry.

6.Laissezfairedoctrinemeansthatthegovernmentshouldnotinterfereeconomicaffairesofprivateenterprise,andthatgovernmentshouldbemerelyanomnipresentpolicemanprotectingpropertyandcompellingtheperformanceofcontracts.ItsooncametoincludesuchideasastheSanctityofprivatepropertyandrightsoffreedomofcontractandfreecompetition;thus,itbecametheoppositeofmercantilism.

Chapter8

1.TheCornLawswereoriginallyplannedtoprotectEnglishhome-growncornfromcompetitionfromimportedforeigncorn,theirexistencemadeforhigherfoodprices,andassumedthesuperiorimportanceofagriculturalinterestsoverurbanindustrialinterests.

2.UnderthePrimeMinisterDisraeli,thesecondReformBillwaspassedin1867.Itactuallygrantednearlyuniversalmanhoodsuffrageincities.Butmillionsofruralworkersstillremainedvoteless.

Chapter12

1.TheUnitedKingdomhasatwo-partysystem.ThepresenttwomajorpartiesaretheConservativeandtheLabourparties.

2.In1916theLiberalPartysplitintotwohalves,andsoonlostitsplacetotheLabourParty.

名词解释

Chapter2

JohnBull:

thepersonificationofEnglandortheEnglish.ItwascreatedbythewriterJohnArbuthnotinhissatireTheHistoryofJohnBull.Traditionallydepictedasashortstockfigure.JohnBullwasrenownedforhisbluntness,obstinacyandhonesty.

Presbyterianism（长老会）:

ProtestantChristianformofchurchgovernment,whichfollowsthetheologyandchurchorderofJohnCalvin.ItisbasedontheCalvinistinterpretationoftheBiblethatregardsallmembersoftheChurchasequalunderChrist.Thus,leadersoftheChurchareelectedbythemembersratherthaninstalledbyahierarchyofbishops.

Chapter3

Danelaw:

thecodeofDanelaw.ThetermcanalsorefertothepartofEnglandthatwasruledbyDanelaw.ItwasthepriceEnglandhadtopayforacenturyofpeacewiththeDanes.

Chapter4

P192亨利二世

TheBlackDeath

Chapter5

Transubstantiation（化体论）:

RomanCatholicdoctrinethatthesacramentalelementsofbreadandwine,whenconsecratedintheMass,arechangedintothebodyandbloodoftherisenChrist.ItisoneofthemysteriesoftheChristianfaith,andstillabeliefoftheCatholicChurch.

Chapter6

Divineright:

ThisisaDoctrinewhichstatesthatthekingderiveshisauthorityfromGod,notpeople.Thesupremeauthorityofthestateispersonifiedintheking,butGodcouldeliminatedanykinghedidnotlike.ItaroseinFranceatthetimeofRenaissanceandgavekingsabasisforabsolutepower.

Nonconformists:

themembersofanyProtestantchurchexcepttheChurchofEngland.

Chapter7

MP:

MemberofParliament

“rottenborough”:

oneoftheparliamentaryconstituenciesinBritainbefore1832.Itheldtherighttoelectmembersofparliamenteventhoughthepopulationwasreducedorevennon-existent.

BloodMary:

QueenofEnglandandIreland,socalledbecauseofherexecutionofnumerousProtestants

简答题

Chapter1

1.HowdoyoudescribethelandfeaturesofGreatBritain?

3.DoyouthinkBritainhasachangeableweather?

Why?

Chapter2

2.Whatis“eisteddfod”?

3.WhyaretheHighlanderscalled“ladiesfromhell”?

Chapter3

4.WhatweretheconsequencesoftheNormanConquest?

1.WhatwastheRomaninfluenceoverBritain?

3.WhydowesayKingAlfredwasevengreaterinpeacethanhewasinwar?

Chapter4

1.HowdidKingHenryIIreformthecourtsandlawinEngland?

2.WhywasKingJohnnicknamed“KingofLackland”

3.What’sthesignificanceoftheGreatChapter?

4.HowdidtheEnglishParliamentcomeintobeing?

Chapter5（无.4）

2.HowandwhydidtheReformationtakeplaceinEngland?

4.WhatwerethedistinctivefeaturesoftheEnglishRenaissance?

Chapter6

5.WhydidtheRestorationtakeplace?

6.WhatdoyouknowabouttheGloriousRevolution?

Chapter7

1.HowdidthePrimaryMinistryinBritaincomeintobeing?

2.WhywasBritainthefirstcountrytostarttheIndustrialRevolution?

3.WhatwerethecausesforthefailureoftheChartistMovement?

Chapter8

2.Howdidthethreereformbillsenlargethesuffrage?