大学英语读写译1期末测试题及答案2.docx
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大学英语读写译1期末测试题及答案2
大学英语读写译
(1)期末测试题及答案2
大学英语读写译
(一)
期末测试题
(2)
PartI.ReadingComprehension(50%)
SectionA.SkimmingandScanning(10%)
Directions:
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet.
Forquestions1-7,mark
Y(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;
N(forNO)ifstatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;
NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.
Forquestion8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
Ifitweren’tfornicotine,peoplewouldn’tsmoketobacco.Why?
Becauseofthemorethan4000chemicalsintobaccosmoke,nicotineistheprimaryonethatactsonthebrain,alteringpeople’smoods,appetitesandalertnessinwaystheyfindpleasantandbeneficial.Unfortunately,asitiswidelyknown,nicotinehasadarkside:
itishighlyaddictive.Oncesmokersbecomehookedonit,theymustgettheirfixofitregularly,sometimesseveraldozentimesaday.Cigarettesmokecontains43knowncarcinogens,whichmeansthatlong-termsmokingcanamounttoadeathsentence.IntheUSalone,420,000Americansdieeveryyearfromtobacco-relatedillnesses.
Breakingnicotineaddictionisnoteasy.Eachyear,nearly35millionpeoplemakeaconcertedefforttoquitsmoking.Sadly,lessthan7percentsucceedinabstainingformorethanayear;moststartsmokingagainwithindays.Sowhatisnicotineandhowdoesitinsinuateitselfintothesmoker’sbrainandverybeing?
Thenicotinefoundintobaccoisapotentdrugandsmokers,andevensomescientists,sayitofferscertainbenefits.Oneisenhanceperformance.Onestudyfoundthatnon-smokersgivendosesofnicotinetypedabout5percentfasterthantheydidwithoutit.Togreaterorlesserdegrees,usersalsosaynicotinehelpsthemtomaintainconcentration,reduceanxiety,relievepain,andevendampentheirappetites(thushelpinginweightcontrol).Unfortunately,nicotinecanalsoproducedeleteriouseffectsbeyondaddiction.Athighdoses,asareachievedfromtobaccoproducts,itcancausehighbloodpressure,distressintherespiratoryandgastrointestinalsystemsandanincreaseinsusceptibilitytoseizuresandhypothermia.
Firstisolatedasacompoundin1828,initspureformnicotineisaclearliquidthatturnsbrownwhenburnedandsmellsliketobaccowhenexposedtoair.Itisfoundinseveralspeciesofplants,includingtobaccoand,perhapssurprisingly,intomatoes,potatoes,andeggplant(thoughinextremelylowquantitiesthatarepharmacologicallyinsignificantforhumans).
Assimpleasitlooks,thecigaretteishighlyengineerednicotinedeliverydevice.Forinstance,whentobaccoresearchersfoundthatmuchofthenicotineinacigarettewasn’treleasedwhenburnedbutratherremainedchemicallyboundwithinthetobaccoleaf,theybeganaddingsubstancessuchasammoniatocigarettetobaccotoreleasemorenicotine.Ammoniahelpskeepnicotineinitsbasicform,whichismorereadilyvaporisedbytheintenseheatoftheburningcigarettethantheacidicform.MostcigarettesforsaleintheUStodaycontain10milligramsormoreofnicotine.Byinhalingsmokefromalightedcigarette,theaveragesmokertakes1or2milligramsofvaporisednicotinepercigarette.Todayweknowthatonlyaminisculeamountofnicotineisneededtofueladdiction.Researchshowsthatmanufacturerswouldhavetocutnicotinelevelsinatypicalcigaretteby95%toforestallitspowertoaddict.Whenasmokerpuffsonalightedcigarette,smoke,includingvaporisednicotine,isdrawnintothemouth.Theskinandliningofthemouthimmediatelyabsorbsomenicotine,buttheremainderflowsstraightdownintothelungs,whereiteasilydiffusesintothebloodvesselsliningthelungwalls.Thebloodvesselscarrythenicotinetotheheart,whichthenpumpsitdirectlytothebrain.Whilemostoftheeffectsasmokerseeksoccurinthebrain,thehearttakesahitaswell.
Studieshaveshownthatasmoker’sfirstcigaretteofthedaycanincreasehisorherheartrateby10to20beatsaminute.Scientistshavefoundthatasmokedsubstancereachesthebrainmorequicklythanoneswallowed,snorted(suchascocainepowder)oreveninjected.Indeed,anicotinemoleculeinhaledinsmokewillreachthebrainwithin10seconds.Thenicotinetravelsthroughbloodvessels,whichbranchoutintocapillarieswithinthebrain.Capillariesnormallycarrynutrientsbuttheyreadilyaccommodatenicotinemoleculesaswell.Onceinsidethebrain,nicotine,likemostaddictivedrugs,triggersthereleaseofchemicalsassociatedwitheuphoriaandpleasure.Justasitmovesrapidlyfromthelungsintothebloodstream,nicotinealsoeasilydiffusesthroughcapillarywalls.Itthenmigratestothespacessurroundingneurones–ganglioncellsthattransmitnerveimpulsesthroughoutthenervoussystem.Theseimpulsesarethebasisforourthoughts,feelings,andmoods.Totransmitnerveimpulsestoitsneighbour,aneuronereleaseschemicalmessengersknownasneurotransmitters.Likenicotinemolecules,theneurotransmittersdriftintotheso-calledsynapticspacebetweenneurones,readytolatchontothereceivingneuroneandthusdeliverachemical“message”thattriggersanelectricalimpulse.
Theneurotransmittersbindontoreceptorsonthesurfaceoftherecipientneurone.Thisopenschannelsinthecellsurfacethroughwhichenterions,orchargedatoms,ofsodium.Thisgeneratesacurrentacrossthemembraneofthereceivingcell,whichcompletesdeliveryofthe“message”.Anaccomplishedmimic,nicotinecompeteswiththeneurotransmitterstobindtothereceptors.Itwinsand,likethevanquishedchemical,opensionchannelsthatletsodiumionsintothecell.Butthere’salotmorenicotinearoundthantheoriginaltransmitter,soamuchlargercurrentspreadsacrossthemembrane.Thisbiggercurrentcausesincreasedelectricalimpulsestotravelalongcertainneurones.Withrepeatedsmoking,theneuronesadapttothisincreasedelectricalactivity,andthesmokerbecomesdependentonthenicotine.
Questions1–7
1.Althoughnicotineisprobablythewell-knownchemicalincigarettes,itisnotnecessarilytheonethatchangesthepsycheofthesmokerwhencigarettesaresmoked.
2.Inspiteofthedifficulties,accordingtothetextmorethanthirty-fivemillionpeopleayear
giveupsmoking.
3.Ithasbeenshownthatnicotineincigarettescanimprovepeople’sabilitiestoperformsome
actionsmorequickly.
4.Addedammoniaincigarettesallowssmokerstoinhalemorenicotine.
5.Snortedsubstancesreachthebrainfasterthaninjectedsubstances.
6.Nicotinedilatesthebloodvesselsthatcarryitaroundthebody.
7.Nicotinemoleculesallowgreaterelectricalchargestopassbetweenneurones.
Questions8–10
8.Cigarettecompanieswouldhavetocutthenicotinecontentincigarettesby_________topreventthemfrombeingaddictive.
9.Accordingtothepassage,acigarettecanraiseasmoker’sheartrateby_________aminute.
10.Inordertotransmitnerveimpulsestoitsneighbour,aneuronesends_________knownasneurotransmitters
SectionB.ReadingComprehension(30%)
Directions:
Inthissection,thereare3passages.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.
PassageOne
Questions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
OneofthemostinterestingparadoxesinAmericatodayisthatHarvardUniversity,theoldestuniversityofhigherlearningintheUnitedStates,isnowengagedinaseriousdiscussionaboutwhatauniversityshouldbe,andwhetheritismeasuringup.
ShouldHarvard—oranyotheruniversity—beanintellectualsanctuary(圣地),apartfromthepoliticalandsocialrevolutionoftheage,orshoulditbealaboratoryforexperimentingwiththesepoliticalandsocialrevolutions;orevenanengineoftherevolution?
ThisissuewasdefinedseveralyearsagobyWalterLippMann,afamousHarvardgraduate:
“Iftheuniversitiesaretodotheirwork,”hesaid,“theymustbeindependentandtheymustbedisinterested(公正)…Theyareplacestowhichmencanturnforjudgmentswhicharefair.Obviously,themomenttheuniversitiesfallunderpoliticalcontrol,orunderthecontrolofprivateinterests,orthemomenttheythemselvestakeahandinpoliticalaffairsandleadingpositionsingovernment,theirvalueasindependentasdisinterestedsourcesofjudgmentisweakened…”
ThisispartofthediscussionthatisgoingonatHarvardtoday.Anotherpartisthediscussionofthemilitant(激进的)andevenmanyconservativestudentsthatauniversityisthekeeperofouridealsandmorals,andshouldnotbe“disinterested”butactiveinbringingthenation’sidealsandactionstogether.
Harvard’smenoftodayseemmoretroubledandlesssureaboutpersonal,politicalandstudypurposesthantheydidatthebeginning.Theyarenotevenclearabouthowtheyshoulddiscussandresolvetheirproblem,buttheyarestrugglingwiththemprivately,andhowtheycomeoutissuretoinfluenceAmericanuniversityandpoliticallife.
11.AccordingtoWalterLippMann,auniversitymust_____.
A.dependonthegovernment
B.takeactivepartinpoliticalaffairsandsocialissues
C.fallunderthecontrolofspecialandprivateinterests
D.remainindependentofoursociety
12.ThosewhodisagreewithWalterLippMannarguethatauniversityshould_____.
A.beengagedinaseriousdiscussionontheroleitplaysinthesociety
B.supportouroldandestablisheduniversities
C.takeanactivepartinsolvingsociety’sproblems
D.not