21世纪资本论.docx
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21世纪资本论
21世纪资本论
《21世纪资本论》:
资本在美国
2014-10-31华尔街俱乐部
2013年,法国经济学家托马斯?
皮凯蒂(ThomasPiketty)的新著《21世纪资本论》(CapitalintheTwenty-FirstCentury)出版发行,该书一经出版便引发东西方各国的热议。
书中,作者用翔实数据和生动事例揭露了资本主义贫富差距扩大的总趋势,是第一本关于收入和财富的具有历史意义的经济学著作。
该书中文版由巴曙松研究员、陈剑博士等翻译,于2014年9月由中信出版社出版发行。
下文系该书部分内容摘编,敬请品鉴。
在详细考察20世纪下半叶资本收入比的回升并分析其在21世纪的前景之前,让我们看看资本在美国的历史形态和相对水平。
有几个事实很清楚。
首先,作为新大陆,资本在美国的重要性不及旧大陆(也就是欧洲国家)。
具体来讲,根据我所收集和对比的当时的若干估测数据,美国在取得独立前后(大约1770-1810年)的国民资本仅为国民收入的3倍。
农地的价值约为国民收入的1-1.5倍(参见图1)。
尽管有不确定因素,但北美殖民地的资本收入比显著低于英法两国是毫无疑问的,当时这两个国家的国民资本约为国民收入的7倍,其中农地约为4倍(参见图2和3)。
Stems,rootcausemechanicaldamage,loopingrootamputationatthewoundtopreventinfection.(3)categorytreeseedlings:
aspindleshouldhaveauniformdistributionofmainbranches,branches,trunkdiameterabove3.0CM;maketreesofbroadleavedtreesbranchheightshouldberelativelyconsistent,with3-5mainbranch,trunkdiameterofnotlessthan4cm,branchpointisnotlessthan2.5M;coniferoustreeswiththespindle,thereareprimary.(4)shrubsclassseedlings:
tuftedtypeshrubsrequirementsirrigationbundlefull,andmaincollateraldistributionuniform,andmainbranchnumbernotlessthan5branch,atleasthas3branchaboveirrigationhighreachedprovidesstandard;creepingtypeshrubsrequirementsatleasthas3branchabovemainbranchreachedprovidesstandardlength;vinehealthseedlings,andshouldpointsbranchuniform,andmainarticlenumber5branchabove,andmainarticlediameter1.0CMabove;goingitalonetypeshrubsrequirementswithtrunk,andpointsbranchuniform,basediameterin2.0CMabove;hedgewithshrubsrequirementsirrigationbundlefull,andpointsbranchuniform,anddrylowerleavesnobare,Morethan2yearsold.Allplantsareshrubsshouldmeetthespecifications.(5)thesolitarytreesshouldbeselectedsingleplantingornamentaltreeisbeautiful,highornamentalvalueofindividualplants.(6)designshouldbeselectedwhenthebushesplantedplantspecifications,floweringshrubssuchasrhododendronplantsshouldselectcoloruniformvarieties,plantingintervalanddensity.4,seedlingplantingprojectplantsshouldbelocatedaccordingtothedrawings,andwithreferencetothenationalstandardandsuitabletoavoidlines,plantingpitsshouldbegreaterthantheminimumthicknessrequirements,plantingsoilbackfillcompactioninlayerstoensurethatplantsarefirmlyrootedintheground,supportedbylarge-sizeseedlingsheprimaryanalysisofsoilphysicalandchemicalproperties,suchaspests,disinfection,pestcontrolinadvance.GardenplantgrowthbyrequiredofminimumplantingsoilthicknessshouldmeetXiatable(constructionfigureShangindicateofexcept)vegetationtypeherbflowerlawntowassmallshrubsbigshrubsshallowroottreesdeeproottreessoilthickness30(CM)30(CM)45(CM)60(CM)90(CM)120(CM)plantingsoilshouldselectionforplantgrowthofselectivesoil,ashumicacidsoil,andlawnfertilizer,andpeatsoil,andpH5.5~7.0,humidity30~70%,completelyloose,Lawnplantingsoilroughness(soilsurfaceshouldbelowerthanteethpond2~5cm).2,plantinggardenoffoundationengineeringprojectsfromplanningtotheconstructionstage,focusonaftercompletionoflandscaping,theoverallgoalistocreateagoodlivingenvironmentforplants,createagardenandgreenspace.Plantengineeringoftheprojectwastocreatethebasisforplantgrowth,soil,itcanbesaidisthegardenproject,isoneofthemostimportantworks.Alsoplantedphaseofthisprojectmustbecarriedoutbythelocalsoilimprovementproject.3,seedlingselectionrequirements:
(1)engineeringseedlingselectionofcookedgoods,provisionsrelatingtoplantsize.Plantprocurementspecificationscanbelarge,soastoachieveecologicaleffectinashorttime.Seedlingsshouldhave...Strong,lush,Crown-shapedfull,normalcolor,rootsystem,pestanddisease-free.
(2)theprojectshouldhavegrowthrobust,lush,Crown-shapedfull,normalcolor,rootsystem,pestanddisease-free.
图1:
美国的资本,1700–2010年
资料及数据源:
piketty.pse.ens.fr/capital21c。
图2:
英国的资本,1700–2010年
资料及数据源:
piketty.pse.ens.fr/capital21c。
Stems,rootcausemechanicaldamage,loopingrootamputationatthewoundtopreventinfection.(3)categorytreeseedlings:
aspindleshouldhaveauniformdistributionofmainbranches,branches,trunkdiameterabove3.0CM;maketreesofbroadleavedtreesbranchheightshouldberelativelyconsistent,with3-5mainbranch,trunkdiameterofnotlessthan4cm,branchpointisnotlessthan2.5M;coniferoustreeswiththespindle,thereareprimary.(4)shrubsclassseedlings:
tuftedtypeshrubsrequirementsirrigationbundlefull,andmaincollateraldistributionuniform,andmainbranchnumbernotlessthan5branch,atleasthas3branchaboveirrigationhighreachedprovidesstandard;creepingtypeshrubsrequirementsatleasthas3branchabovemainbranchreachedprovidesstandardlength;vinehealthseedlings,andshouldpointsbranchuniform,andmainarticlenumber5branchabove,andmainarticlediameter1.0CMabove;goingitalonetypeshrubsrequirementswithtrunk,andpointsbranchuniform,basediameterin2.0CMabove;hedgewithshrubsrequirementsirrigationbundlefull,andpointsbranchuniform,anddrylowerleavesnobare,Morethan2yearsold.Allplantsareshrubsshouldmeetthespecifications.(5)thesolitarytreesshouldbeselectedsingleplantingornamentaltreeisbeautiful,highornamentalvalueofindividualplants.(6)designshouldbeselectedwhenthebushesplantedplantspecifications,floweringshrubssuchasrhododendronplantsshouldselectcoloruniformvarieties,plantingintervalanddensity.4,seedlingplantingprojectplantsshouldbelocatedaccordingtothedrawings,andwithreferencetothenationalstandardandsuitabletoavoidlines,plantingpitsshouldbegreaterthantheminimumthicknessrequirements,plantingsoilbackfillcompactioninlayerstoensurethatplantsarefirmlyrootedintheground,supportedbylarge-sizeseedlingsheprimaryanalysisofsoilphysicalandchemicalproperties,suchaspests,disinfection,pestcontrolinadvance.GardenplantgrowthbyrequiredofminimumplantingsoilthicknessshouldmeetXiatable(constructionfigureShangindicateofexcept)vegetationtypeherbflowerlawntowassmallshrubsbigshrubsshallowroottreesdeeproottreessoilthickness30(CM)30(CM)45(CM)60(CM)90(CM)120(CM)plantingsoilshouldselectionforplantgrowthofselectivesoil,ashumicacidsoil,andlawnfertilizer,andpeatsoil,andpH5.5~7.0,humidity30~70%,completelyloose,Lawnplantingsoilroughness(soilsurfaceshouldbelowerthanteethpond2~5cm).2,plantinggardenoffoundationengineeringprojectsfromplanningtotheconstructionstage,focusonaftercompletionoflandscaping,theoverallgoalistocreateagoodlivingenvironmentforplants,createagardenandgreenspace.Plantengineeringoftheprojectwastocreatethebasisforplantgrowth,soil,itcanbesaidisthegardenproject,isoneofthemostimportantworks.Alsoplantedphaseofthisprojectmustbecarriedoutbythelocalsoilimprovementproject.3,seedlingselectionrequirements:
(1)engineeringseedlingselectionofcookedgoods,provisionsrelatingtoplantsize.Plantprocurementspecificationscanbelarge,soastoachieveecologicaleffectinashorttime.Seedlingsshouldhave...Strong,lush,Crown-shapedfull,normalcolor,rootsystem,pestanddisease-free.
(2)theprojectshouldhavegrowthrobust,lush,Crown-shapedfull,normalcolor,rootsystem,pestanddisease-free.
图3:
法国的资本,1700–2010年
资料及数据源:
piketty.pse.ens.fr/capital21c。
关键的一点在于,与古老的欧洲相比,北美洲的人均土地面积显然要大得多。
从数量上看,美国的人均资本数量比欧洲更高。
其实,也正是因为土地如此之多,才导致其市场价值非常低,任何人都可以拥有很多土地,因此值不了太高的价钱。
或者说,价格效应比与之作用相反的数量效应更为强烈:
当某种类型的资本的数量超过了某个临界值后,其价格不可避免地跌至极低的水平,致使上述资本的价格与数量之乘积(即资本的总价值)反而低于资本数量较低时的总价值。
新大陆与欧洲在18世纪末到19世纪初的土地价格的巨大差距,从现存的所有关于土地买卖和继承的资料中(例如遗嘱和证明)都可以得到证实。
Stems,rootcausemechanicaldamage,loopingrootamputationatthewoundtopreventinfection.(3)categorytreeseedlings:
aspindleshouldhaveauniformdistributionofmainbranches,branches,trunkdiameterabove3.0CM;maketreesofbroadleavedtreesbranchheightshouldberelativelyconsistent,with3-5mainbranch,trunkdiameterofnotlessthan4cm,branchpointisnotlessthan2.5M;coniferoustreeswiththespindle,thereareprimary.(4)shrubsclassseedlings:
tuftedtypeshrubsrequirementsirrigationbundlefull,andmaincollateraldistributionuniform,andmainbranchnumbernotlessthan5branch,atleasthas3branchaboveirrigationhighreachedprovidesstandard;creepingtypeshrubsrequirementsatleasthas3branchabovemainbranchreachedprovidesstandardlength;vinehealthseedlings,andshouldpointsbranchuniform,andmainarticlenumber5branchabove,andmainarticlediameter1.0CMabove;goingitalonetypeshrubsrequirementswithtrunk,andpointsbranchuniform,basediameterin2.0CMabove;hedgewithshrubsrequirementsirrigationbundlefull,andpointsbranchuniform,anddrylowerleavesnobare,Morethan2yearsold.Allplantsareshrubsshouldmeetthespecifications.(5)thesolitarytreesshouldbeselectedsingleplantingornamentaltreeisbeautiful,highornamentalvalueofindividualplants.(6)designshouldbeselectedwhenthebushesplantedplantspecifications,floweringshrubssuchasrhododendronplantsshouldselectcoloruniformvarieties,plantingintervalanddensity.4,seedlingplantingprojectplantsshouldbelocatedaccordingtothedrawings,andwithreferencetothenationalstandardandsuitabletoavoidlines,plantingpitsshouldbegreaterthantheminimumthicknessrequirements,plantingsoilbackfillcompactioninlayerstoensurethatplantsarefirmlyrootedintheground,supportedbylarge-sizeseedling