学术论文写作材料.docx

学术论文写作材料.docx

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学术论文写作材料

ElementsofAcademicWriting

CONTENTS

ElementsofAcademicWriting1

1.ArgumentandDiscussion2

2.CauseandEffect7

4.Comparison13

5.Definitions16

6.Examples18

7.Generalizations20

8.Numbers23

9.Problemsandsolutions27

10.Style29

11.TablesandFigures33

13.Workingingroups37

1.ArgumentandDiscussion

1.1Discussionvocabulary

Toevaluatethebenefitsanddisadvantagesofthetopicunderdiscussionisquiteessentialinanessay.Pleasesummarizethevocabularyusedinthefollowingsamples.

（1）Asidefromtheirimportantenvironmentalandeconomicbenefits,parksofferagreatnumberofsocialbenefits.Theyprovideopportunitiesforrecreation,exerciseandsocialactivitiesthatcanpromotehealth,well-beingandasenseofcommunity.

（2）Onestrengthofthisobservationalapproachisthatthehabitatsare‘real’,sotheobservationsarenotinfluencedbytheconfoundingeffectsofartificialexperimentaldesign.

（3）Thefindingswouldalsobeusefulinanyfuturemeta-analysesinvestigatingthedevelopmentofalargenumberofgreenroofs.

（4）Thecurrentanalysishasanumberofstrengthsoverpreviousinquiriesintotherelationshipbetweenpersonalityandenvironmentalconcern.

（5）Theexperimentaldataindicatethatthemethodhastheadvantageofglobalconvergenceandhighaccuracy.

（6）Therearesomelimitationsinthisstudythatwehopecanbeaddressedinthefuture.

（7）Thereisadearthofliteratureonthestructuralstabilityoftreesgrowninengineeredsoils.

（8）Oneflawassociatedwiththismethodisthesimplifiedassumptionthatthenearestparkistheparkbeingvisitedmost,whichisnotalwaysthecase.Anotherflawisthatnetworkdistanceisbasedprimarilyondrivingroute.

（9）Theinitialstudywaslimitedtoarelativelysmallsampleofundergraduatestudents.Theinitialstudywasalsolimitedbytheimbalanceofmaleandfemaleparticipants,makingitdifficulttoexaminetheimportanceofgenderasamoderatingvariable.

（10）Thishasthedisadvantagethatthegrowthsubstrateisoftenhighlyvariable,reducingthereplicabilityofthedesign.

（11）Thisapproachhastheweaknessthatanyperceivedpatternsandtrendscannotbevalidatedbystatisticalmethods.

+

-

benefit

strength

advantage

useful

…

flaw

belimitedby,to

disadvantage

dearth

limitation

weakness

…

⏹Fillthegapsinthefollowingparagraphusinglanguagefromthetableabove.

（a）Despitethe_________ofthestudy,therearealsosomenoteworthy________.TheselimitationsareprimarilyrelatedtothemeasuresthatwereadministeredaspartoftheGSOEPproject.

（b）ThisstudyexaminedtheaccessibilitytogreenspacewithinwalkingdistancebasedonGoogleMapsAPI.Thisapproachhasthefollowing________:

First,wewereabletoselectareasonableroutebasedontheGoogleMapsdirectionalgorithm.Also,thismethodlargelyovercomesthe“edgeeffect”.Thistechniqueisimportantwhenmeasuringaccessibility.Mostimportant,thisstudycanbeeasilyadaptedbecausedatafromGoogleMapcanbeaccessedworldwide.

（c）Thiswasnotareplicated,experimentallycontrolledinvestigation.Rather,itwasanobservationalstudyofthedevelopmentoftworeal,full-scale,brownroofs.Thisapproachhasthe_________thatanyperceivedpatternsandtrendscannotbevalidatedbystatisticalmethods,andthatthelackofexperimentalmanipulationmakesitmorelikelythattherewillbeseveralexplanationsforeachobservedtrend.Theobservationsmadearethereforelargelyusedtogeneratehypotheses,andscopeforinterestingphenomenathatcanthenbeexploredexperimentallylateron.Thefindingsshouldalsobeusefulinanyfuturemeta-analysesinvestigatingthedevelopmentofalargenumberofgreenroofs.One_________ofthisobservationalapproachisthatthehabitatsare“real”,sotheobservationsarenotinfluencedbytheconfoundingeffectsofartificialexperimentaldesign._________isthatitallowstheformulationofhypothesesthatarecounter-intuitiveonfirstprinciples,whichthereforemightnoteverhavebeenidentifiedortestedotherwise.

1.2Organization

Thediscussionsectioncanbeorganizedintwoways;eitherbygroupingthebenefitsinoneparagraphandthedisadvantagesinanother（vertical）,orbyexaminingthesubjectfromdifferentviewpoints（horizontal）.Forexample,thefollowingessaytitlecanbediscussedinthetwowaysasshown:

“Treesandlivingconditionsofneighborhoods”

（a）Vertical

Advantage:

Treesplayanimportantroleintheoveralllivingconditionsofneighborhoodsandprovideconstantbenefitsforcitizensinthecommunity.

Disadvantage:

Treesandparkstakeuptoomuchspaceincityandthecostofmaintenanceisalsohigh.

Discussion:

Surveyshowsitisquitenecessarytoincreasetheamountoftreesandparksdespiteitscost.

（b）Horizontal

Children:

thepresenceofstreettreesisassociatedwithalowerriskofchildhoodasthma

Oldpeople:

awalkablegreenenvironmentmayincreasethelongevityofolderpeople

Youth:

mentalfatigueandaggressioncanbemoderatedbyhavinggreenspacenearby

Discussion:

Treesplayanimportantroleintheoveralllivingconditionsofneighborhoods,providingconstant___butsometimesunnoticedbenefits.

⏹Whataretheadvantagesofeachformat（i.e.verticalandhorizontal）?

PracticeA

Writeanessaytitled:

“Discusswhetherthecreditcardisnecessaryforcollegestudents”

⏹Brainstormthepositiveandnegativeaspectsintheboxbelow,andthewriteanoutlineusingoneofthestructures

+

-

Convenience

Discusswhetherthecreditcardshouldbepermittedtocollegestudents

Outline

1.3Thelanguageofdiscussion

Whendiscussingcommonideasavoidpersonalphrasessuchasinmyopinionorpersonally,Ithink…

Useimpersonalphrasesinsteadsuchas:

（1）Itiswidelyagreedthat

（2）Evidenceshowsthat

（3）Anincreasingnumberofresearchersfindthat

（4）Itisgenerallyacceptedthat

（5）Thereisevidencethat

（6）Thereismountingevidencethat

parksandtreecanopyarecriticalcomponentsofthegreeninfrastructure.

inmanycities,vegetationisunevenlydistributed.

thespecialdistributionofvegetationdisproportionatelyfavorscertainsocio-demographicgroupsoverothers.

parksinneighborhoodsarecriticalcomponentsofthebuiltenvironment

visitornumberstowoodlandrecreationsitesintheUKhasrisensteadilyoverrecentyears.

Treesgrowbetterandarehealthierwhenplantedinengineeredsoilsratherthanconventionaltreepits.

Thesephrasessuggestaminorityviewpoint

（1）Itcanbearguedthat

（2）Oneviewisthat

（3）Somestudies

（4）Onewouldexpectthat

（5）Someresearchers

vegetationplantingandgreeningeffortsarebecominganappealingstrategyforurbantemperaturereduction.

governmentsshouldreorienttheirurban-forestandgreen-spacemanagementactivitiestowardimprovingtheprovisionoecosystemservices.

donotsupportthegeneralexpectationthatsocioeconomicallydeprivedareashavelessparkaccess.

treesinheavilyirrigatedsoilswouldtoleratelessdestabilizationforcethanthoseindriersoilconditions.

attributedthesetreefailurestoshallowsoilandpoorrootingproperties.

Whenyouaresupportingyouropinionswithsourcesusephrasessuchas:

（1）England（2006a）assertsthat

（2）AccordingtoPham（2011）

Woodlandsshouldbenaturalisticincorporateuniqueelementsofthelocality.

Vegetationcoveredabout25%ofthestudyarea,tree/shrubsandlawnoccupiedabout10%and15%,respectively.

1.4Counter-arguments

Whatisthewriter’spositioninthefollowingexample?

Ithasbecomingincreasinglydifficultforcollegegraduatestofindgoodjobs.Numerouspeoplehavequestionedtheefficiencyofuniversityeducationandclaimedthatcollegeshouldbeemployment-oriented.Nevertheless,universityeducationisnotmerelyameanstoeconomicadvancement,anditoughttoserveotherfunctionsaswell.

Studytheexamplebelow,andwritetwomoresentences.

Counter-argument

Yourposition

Mostparentsbelievethatelectronicdictionaryisbeneficialforforeignlanguagelearners,

butteachersclaimthatstudentstendtodependonthemtoomuch.

Studentsarguethatelectronicdictionaryisausefultooltopromotetheirlearningability,

however,manystudentsregardelectronicdictionaryasatoolforgamesinsteadoflearning.

Althoughmanystudentsusepocketelectronicdictionaries,

guidanceonthebestuseofthesedevicesisbadlyneeded.

1.5Providingevidence

Normallyyourconclusionsonatopicfollowanassessmentoftheevidence.Youmustshowthatyouhavestudiedtherelevantsourcessinceonlythencanyougiveabalancedjudgment.

Writetwoparagraphsonthetopic“Isinternationaltourismbeneficial?

”usetheideasbelowandmakeyourstanceclear.

Pros

Easetensionindailylifeandwork

Knowaboutthecultureandhistoryofothercountries

Newexperience

Boostthelocaleconomydevelopment

Cons

Conflictsbetweentouristsandlocalresidents

Badinfluenceonlocalresidentslifeandwork

Hightravellingcost

2.CauseandEffect

2.1Thelanguageofcauseandeffect

Awritermaychoosetoputtheemphasisoneitherthecauseortheeffect.Inbothcases,eitheraverboraconjunctioncanbeusedtoshowthelink.Pleaseidentifywhichsentencesfocusoncauses,andwhichoneffects.

（1）Someresearchersattributedthesetreefailurestoshallowsoilandpoorrootingproperties.

（2）Treesinheavilyirrigatedsoilswouldtoleratelessdestabilizationforcethanthoseindriersoilconditionsduetomoistureeffectsonrootslippageandsoilshearing.

（3）Publicandresearchinterestingreenroofshasincreasedin