定语从句.docx
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定语从句
定语从句专题讲解
一、定语从句的概念
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
二、定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that，which，who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where，when，why等。
关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
三、定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。
限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。
4、关系代词的用法
关系代词在句中作宾语时可以省略，作主语时不可以省略。
1.that既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。
Marylikesmusicthatisquietandgentle.
玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。
（that作主语）
Thecoat（that）Iputonthedeskisblue.
我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。
（that作宾语）
2.which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语。
Thebuildingwhichstandsnearthetrainstationisasupermarket.
位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。
（作主语）
Thefilm（which）wesawlastnightwaswonderful.
我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。
（作宾语）
3.who，whom用于指人，who用作主语，whom用作宾语。
在口语中，有时可用who代替whom，也可省略。
ThegirlwhooftenhelpsmewithmyEnglishisfromEngland.
经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。
（作主语）
Whoistheteacher（whom）LiMingistalkingto？
正在与李明谈话的老师是谁？
（作宾语）
注意：
（1）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who，that，which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。
Thisisthehouseinwhichwelivedlastyear.
这是我们去年居住的房子。
PleasetellmefromwhomyouborrowedtheEnglishnovel.
请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
（2）含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。
Thisisthepersonwhomyouarelookingfor.
这就是你要找的那个人。
（3）that作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。
Thecitythatshelivesinisveryfaraway.
她居住的城市非常远。
（4）关系词只能用that的情况：
a.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
Hewasthefirstpersonthatpassedtheexam.
他是第一个通过考试的人。
b.被修饰的先行词为all，any，much，many，everything，anything，none，theone等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
Isthereanythingthatyouwanttobuyintheshop？
你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？
c.先行词被theonly，thevery，thesame，thelast，little，few等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
ThisisthesamebikethatIlost.
这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d.先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
IcanrememberwellthepersonsandsomepicturesthatIsawintheroom.
我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如：
Whoisthegirlthatiscrying？
正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？
f.主句是therebe结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如：
Thereisa book onthedeskthatbelongstoTom.
桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
（5）关系词只能用which，而不用that的情况：
a.先行词为that，those时，用which，而不用that.例如：
What’sthatwhichisunderthedesk？
在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？
b.关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that.例如：
Thisistheroominwhichhelives.
这是他居住的房间。
c.引导非限制性定语从句，用which，而不用that.例如：
Tomcameback，whichmadeushappy.
汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。
五、关系副词的用法
（1）when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。
例如：
Thiswasthetimewhenhearrived.
这是他到达的时间。
（2）where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。
例如：
Thisisplacewhereheworks.
这是他工作的地点。
（3）why指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。
例如：
Nobodyknowsthereasonwhyheisoftenlateforschool.
没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
六、限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别
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1.DoyourememberthegirlwhotaughtusEnglish?
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英语?
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2.Clockisakindofinstrumentwhichcantellpeopletime.
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3.Thisistheplacewhereheusedtolive.
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4.Mr.Zhang,whocametoseemeyesterday,isanoldfriendofmine.
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5.Wewalkeddownthevillagestreet,wheretheywerehavingmarketday.
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1.Amiddle-agedwomankilledherhusband,whichfrightenedmeverymuch.
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2.Afive-year-oldboycanspeaktwoforeignlanguages,whichsurprisesallthepeoplepresent.
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that?
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HegavehismotheracolorTVsetforherbirthday,thatpleasedheralot.
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Hegave his motheracolorTVsetforherbirthday,whichpleasedheralot.
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Hedidn'tpasstheexam,thatdisappointedme.
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Hedidn'tpasstheexam,whichdisappointedme.
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who,which?
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when,where?
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1.We'llgraduateinJuly,whenwewillbefree.
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2.LastSundaytheyreachedNanjing,whereaconferencewastobeheld.
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1.This isthegirlwhomImetinthestreet.
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thegirl?
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who?
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whom.
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2.Ayoungmanhadanewgirlfriend,whomhewantedtoimpress.
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anewgirlfriend?
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who/whom,?
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教师?
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Shehasasister,thatisateacher.
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Shehasasister,whoisteacher.
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1.Thisisthebook（which/that）helostyesterday.
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thebook?
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which?
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2.Thebook,whichhelostyesterday,hasbeenfound.
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which?
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七、定语从句的简化
定语从句专项练习
一、用适当的关系代词填空。
1.Iprefershoes______arecool.
2.Mynecklaceisnottheonlything________ismissing.
3.Thesearethebeststamps_______Katehasgivenme.
4.Thebuildingin______youliveiscomfortable.
5.—Iseverything______weneedtododone?
—Yes.Youneedn’tworryaboutit.
6.Theman______standsoverthereismyChineseteacher.
7.Iwanttoreadallthebooks______werewrittenbyGuoJingming.
8.Thebook______hasaredcoverisastorybook.
9.Thefirstthing______youmustdoistohaveameal.
10.April1stistheday_____iscalledAprilFool’sDayinthewest.
11.Thefamily_____hadlosteverythinginabigfiregotmuchhelpfromtheirfriends.
12.Thehouse_____weliveinisveryold.
13.Didn’tyouseetheman______Italkedwithjustnow？
2、单项选择。
1. Don’t talk about such things of __________ you are not sure.
A. which B. what C. as D. those
2. Is this the factory __________ you visited the other day?
A. that B. where C. in which D. the one
3. Is this factory __________ some foreign friends visited last Friday?
A. that B. where C. which D. the one
4. Is this the factory __________ he worked ten years ago?
A. that B. where C. which D. the one
5. The wolves hid themselves in the places __________ couldn’t be found.
A. that B. where C. in which D. in that
6. The freezing point is the temperature __________ water changes into ice.
A. at which B. on that C. in which D. of what
7. This book will show you __________ can be used in other contexts..
A. how you have observed B. what you have observed
C. that you have observed D. how that you have observed
8. The reason is __________ he is unable to operate the machine.
A. because B. why C. that D. whether
9. I’ll tell you __________ he told me last week.
A. all which B. that C. all that D. which
10. That tree, __________ branches are almost bare, is very old.
A. whose B. of which C. in which D. on which
11. I have bought the same dress __________ she is wearing.
A. as B. that C. which D. what
12. He failed in the examination, __________ made his father very angry.
A. which B. it C. that D. what
13. We’re talking about the piano and the pianist __________ were in the concert we attended last night.
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
14. The girl __________ an English song in the next room is Tom’s sister.
A. who is singing B. is singing C. sang D. was singing
15. Those __________ not only from books but also through practice will succeed.
A. learn B. who C. that learns D. who learn
16. Anyone __________ this opinion may speak out.
A. that againsts B. that against C. who is against D. who are against
17. Didn’t you see the man __________?
A. I nodded just now B. whom I nodded just now
C. I nodded to him just now D. I nodded to just now
18. Can you lend me the novel __________ the other day?
A. that you talked B. you talked about it
C. which you talked with D. you talked about
19. Is there anything __________ to you?
A. that is belonged B. that belongs C. that belong D. which belongs
20. ---- “How do you like the book?
”
---- “It’s quite different from __________ I read last month.”
A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what
21. Mr. Zhang gave the textbook to all the pupils except __________ who had already taken them.
A. the ones B. ones C. some D. the others
22. The train __________ she was traveling was late.
A. which B. where C. on which D. in that
23. He has lost the key to the drawer __________ the papers are kept.
A. where B. in which C. under which D. which
24. Antarctic __________ we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round.
A. which B. where C. that D. about which
25. It’s the third time __________ late this month.
A. that you arrived B. when you arrived
C. that you’ve arrived D. when you’ve arrived
26. It was in 1969 __________ the American astronaut succeeded in landing on the moon.
A. that B. which C. when D. in which
27. May the fourth is the day __________ we Chinese people will never forget.
A. which B. when C. on which D. about which
28. We are going to spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, __________ live my grandparents and some relatives.
A. which B. that C. who D. where
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