中西方酒文化的比较研究.docx

中西方酒文化的比较研究.docx

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中西方酒文化的比较研究

毕业论文

题目：

中西方酒文化的比较研究

Title:

AComparativeStudyonAlcohol

CultureBetweenChinaandWesternCountries

2009年6月18日

Acknowledgements

Firstandforemost,myappreciationgoestomyaffectionateparents,andtherestofmyfamily.Ontheprocessofcomposingthepaper,theyhavebeengivingmecontinuoussupport,encouragementandunderstanding.Theirloveandsupportencouragedmetopursueprogressallthetime.

AndIalsowouldliketoextendmysincerethankstoallotherteacherswhogavemelecturesduringthepastthreeacademicyears.Ihavebenefitedsomuchnotonlyfromtheircoursesandlecturesbutalsofromtheirconstantencouragement.

Finally,mydeepestgratitudeandrespectgotomysupervisor,LuLi.Itisforherconstantencouragement,criticalinstructions,hergreatcareandpreciousadviceandsuggestionsthatthispaperappearsinthepresentform.

Abstract

Alcohol，whichplaysanimportantroleinpeople’sdailylife,isfamiliartohumanbeings.People’slifebecomescolorfulwithit.Astoalcoholculture,differencesandsimilaritiesco-existbetweenChinaandthewesterncountries.Alargenumberofpreviousresearcheshavebeendoneonspecificalcoholculture,whereasfewstudiesfocusonthealcoholculturecomparisonbetweenChinaandwesterncountries.Systematicandcomprehensiveresearchesinthisregardarehardtofind.SincecomparativestudiesonthesimilaritiesanddifferencesofalcoholculturebetweenChinaandwesterncountriesarelacking,thispaperattempttoexplorethedifferencesfromtherawmaterialsanddrinkingcustomsandconcludetheirsimilaritiestointroducethealcoholcultureofChinaandwesterncountries.

KeyWords：

alcohol;culturaldifference;Chinaandwesterncountries

摘要

酒是人们非常熟悉的一种饮品，它在人们的日常生活中起着不可替代的作用。

酒使人们的生活变的丰富多彩。

关于酒文化，中国和西方相似之处与差异共存。

前人对特定的酒文化研究较多，而对中西方酒文化的比较都只做了简要的探讨，并未系统、全面的做出总结,关于中西方酒文化的相似和差异的对比研究还比较欠缺。

本文试图在前人研究的基础上，从酿酒的原料和饮酒的习俗等方面探讨中西方酒文化的不同,并结合它们的相似处，介绍中西方酒文化。

关键词:

酒；文化差异；中国和西方国家

Contents

Introduction…………………………………………………………...1

I.Historyofalcohol………………………………...……………........3

1.1InChina………………...………………………………………....3

1.2Inwestcountries………………………………………………......4

II.AlcoholcultureinChinaandwesterncountries………………....6

2.1Similaritiesinalcoholculture…………………………………......6

2.2Differencesinalcoholculture…………………………………......7

III.Intercommunicationofalcoholculture…………………………15

3.1Thenecessitytopromoteintercommunicationofalcoholculture..15

3.2Suggestionstotheintercommunicationofalcoholculture…...…..15

Conclusion………………………………………………………..……16

Bibliography…………………………………………………..….........17

Introduction

Thealcoholasanobjectivesubstanceintheworldisintheshapeofwaterbutithasthecharacteroffire.Itwillbrightenthebrightandfoolthefool.People,suchastheemperors,theheroes,theliberators,theordinarypeopleandthebeggars,alllikeitsinceitappeared.Undoubtedly,thealcoholcanbesaidasariddle.PeoplenomatterinChinaorinwesterncountriesallhavethehabitofdrinkingalcohol.Theyregarddrinkingalcoholasanindispensablepartoflife.Theformationofalcoholcultureisdifferentindifferentcountries.InChina,thewordforalcohol"jiu”isusedtorefertoalltypesofalcoholicbeverages.SincelongtimeagoChinahadhavethestoriesaboutDuKangwhoinventedthemethodofbrewingalcoholicbeverages.Alegendinwesterncountriesabouttheoriginofalcoholisalsospread.Thealcoholculturewasgraduallyformedaftertheappearingofalcohol.Thephrase"thealcoholculture"isputforwardbytherenownedeconomistprofessorLiinChina.In1994,Xiaojiachengsaidthatthealcoholculturereferredtotheintegrationofmaterial,technical,spiritual,custom,psychological,andbehaviorphenomenonwhichgeneratedaroundthecenter.Whileweprideourselvesonthelonghistoryofalcoholculture,weonlytofindthatwedependexcessivelyonthetraditionalalcoholculture.Asaresultwecannotmakeanyinnovation.

Thereisnodevelopmentandprogresswithoutinnovation.Inthiscase,wecanlearnfromthewesterncountries.Therearevariedtypesofalcoholwithdifferentrawmaterials,suchasGin,Whisky,Vodka,Rum,andBrandy.Eventhecocktailwhichappearedlaterisbrewedbasedonsometypesofthealcoholicbeverages.ItisgenerallyacknowledgedthatChinaisfarawayfromthewesterncountriesgeographically.Asaresult,thewaytodrinkisdifferent.EveninChina,thereisalsosomedifferencebetweennationalitiesonthewaytodrink.TherearealsosomesimilaritiesofalcoholculturebetweenChinaandwesterncountriesalthoughthedifferenceexists.Thedevelopmentofalcoholspiritaccompaniedwithalcoholculture.Whilealcoholculturedevelopedtoacertaindegree,schoolsofideologycameintobeing.Inordertopushthedevelopmentofalcoholcultureweshoulddoourutmosttopromotetheinternationalcommunicationofthealcoholculture.

I.Historyofalcohol

1.1InChina

TheearliestevidenceofalcoholinChinaarewinejarsfromJiahu（Jiahu（贾湖pinyin:

Jiǎhú）wasthesiteofaNeolithicYellowRiversettlementbasedinthecentralplainsofancientChina,modernWuyang,HenanProvince）whichdatedbacktoabout7000BC[1:

314].Thisearlydrinkwasproducedbyfermentingrice,honey,andfruit.

AvarietyofalcoholicbeverageswasusedinChinasinceprehistorictimes.Alcohol,knowninChineseasjiǔwasconsideredaspiritualfoodratherthanamaterial（physical）food,andextensivedocumentaryevidenceatteststotheimportantroleitplayedinthereligiouslife."Inancienttimespeoplealwaysdrankwhenholdingamemorialceremony,offeringsacrificestogodsortheirancestors,pledgingresolutionbeforegoingintobattle,celebratingvictory,beforefeudingandofficialexecutions,fortakinganoathofallegiance,whileattendingtheceremoniesofbirth,marriage,reunions,departures,death,andfestivalbanquets[1:

314]."

AChineseimperialedictofabout1116BCmakesitclearthattheuseofalcoholinmoderationwasbelievedtobeprescribedbyheaven.Whetherornotitwasprescribedbyheaven,itwasclearlybeneficialtothetreasury.AtthetimeofMarcoPolo（1254-1324）itwasdrunkdailyandwasoneofthetreasury'sbiggestsourcesofincome.

AlcoholicbeverageswerewidelyusedinallsegmentsofChinesesociety,wereusedasasourceofinspiration,wereimportantforhospitality,wereconsideredanantidoteforfatigue,andweresometimesmisused.Lawsagainstmakingalcoholwereenactedandrepealedforty-onetimesbetween1100BCandAD1400.However,acommentatorwritingaround650BCassertedthatpeople"willnotdowithoutbeer.Toprohibititandsecuretotalabstinencefromitisbeyondthepowerevenofsages.Hence,therefore,wehavewarningsontheabuseofit."

1.2Inwestcountries

InPre-ColumbianAmerican,alcoholicbeveragesweredevelopedbymanyNativeAmericancivilizationssomeofwhicharestillproducedtoday.ThetraditionalnativebeverageofMesoamericawaspulqueoroctliwhichwasmadefromthefermentedjuiceofmaguey.Mezcalwasobtainedbydistillingpulqueandtequilaisaformofmezcal.Itisbelievedtobebeerbutthemaincarbohydratewasacomplexformoffructoseandnotstarch.[3:

178]

SouthAmericaproducedChichawhichisaSpanishwordforavarietyoftraditionalfermentedbeverages.Fruits,maizeandmaniocrootformedthemainingredientsofchicha.TheNativeAmericanpopulationsofBrazilmadethetraditionalalcoholicbeverageknownasCauimwhichwasverysimilartochichaandmadeusingthesameingredients.Acharacteristicfeaturethatsetcauimapartfromotheralcoholicdrinkswasthatthestartingmaterialiscooked,chewedandthenre-cookedbeforefermentation.Thesalivathatispresentintheingredientsofthecauimbreakdownthestarchesintofermentablesugars.

Duringtheearlymodernperiod（1500-1800）,ProtestantleaderssuchasMartinLuther,JohnCalvin,theleadersoftheAnglicanChurch,andeventhePuritansdidnotdiffersubstantiallyfromtheteachingsoftheCatholicChurch:

alcoholwasagiftofGodandcreatedtobeusedinmoderationforpleasure,enjoymentandhealth;drunkennesswasviewedasasin.

Abeveragethatclearlymadeitsdebutduringtheseventeenthcenturywassparklingchampagne.ThecreditforthatdevelopmentgoesprimarilytoDomPerignon,thewine-masterinaFrenchabbey.Around1668,heusedstrongbottles,inventedamoreefficientcork（andonethatcouldcontaintheeffervescenceinthosestrongbottles）,andbegandevelopingthetechniqueofblendingthecontents.However,anothercenturywouldpassbeforeproblems,especiallyburstingbottles,wouldbesolvedandsparklingchampagnewouldbecomepopular.

Theoriginalgrainspirit,whiskyanditsspecificoriginsareunknownbutthedistillationofwhiskyhasbeenperformedinScotlandandIrelandforcenturies.Thefirstconfirmedwrittenrecordofwhiskycomesfrom1405inIreland,theproductionofwhiskyfrommaltedbarleyisfirstmentionedinScotlandinanentryonthe1494,althoughbothcountriescouldhavedistilledgrainalcoholbeforethisdate.

Distilledspiritwasgenerallyflavoredwithjuniperberries.Theresultingbeveragewasknownasjenever,theDutchwordfor"juniper."TheFrenchchangedthenametogenievre,whichtheEnglishchangedto"geneva"andthenmodifiedto"gin."Originallyusedformedicinalpurposes,theuseofginasasocialdrinkdidnotgrowrapidlyatfirst.However,in1690,Englandpassed"AnActfortheEncouragingoftheDistillationofBrandyandSpiritsfromCorn"andwithinfouryearstheannualproductionofdistilledspirits,mostofwhichwasgin,reachednearlyonemilliongallons.Itshouldbenotedthatatth