公共管理国外名著选读考点.docx

公共管理国外名著选读考点.docx

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公共管理国外名著选读考点

公共管理国外名著选读考点

公共管理国外名著选读考点

名词解释：

5*4’

1.Glassceilingexistsoverwomenandminoritiesthatallowsthemtothinktheycanadvanceintomanagementlevelswhereinrealitytheyarediscriminatedagainst.Thusonlyadisproportionate,smallpercentageofwomanandminoritiesmakeitintomanagementroles.

2.Affirmativeactionwascreatedtogivecertaingroupingofpeoplepreferenceoverotherstocompensateforpastdiscriminationopponentsofaffirmativeaction.

3.Principalagenttheory:

Whenindividualarenotalwaysinformedadequately,theyhavenotthetechnicalskillstomakedecisionsthatwillservetheirbestinterests.Othershavethecompetenceandinformationtomakedecisiononbehalfoftheprincipalintheprinciple'sinterests.

4.Strategicmanagement:

isanapproachtomanaginganorganizationthatemphasizeslong-termthinkingand,asthetermstates,managingstrategicallyinsteadofreactivelyorintuitively.

5.Publicpersonnelmanagementis"themanagementofasystemwherebypublicagenciesrecruit,compensate,anddisciplinetheiremployees.Thesystemisnormallycharacterizedbyawatchdogdifferentiationbetweenthestructuresthatperformpersonneltasksandstructuresthatprotectemployee'srightsandinsulatetheprocessfrompolitics."

6.Thecomplianceauditisthesimplestandmostcommonformofscrutinyofppublicagencies.Anauditorcheckswhetherfinancialtransactionsundertakenbyapublicagencycomplywithrelevantfinanciallawsandregulations.

7.Abalancebudgetwouldbeoneinwhichrevenuesandexpendituresforthecomingyearareequal,withouttheneedtoborrowtomakeupforadeficitorfundsshortfall.

8.EEO:

Equalemploymentopportunitywasintendtocreatealevelplayingfieldbygivingeveryoneandequalchanceateducationandemployment.

9.Strategicplanningistheallimportantfirststepinstrategicmanagement.Itidentifytheeffectsofcurrentdecisiononfutureoperation.

10.Leadership:

Theactionofwho,whetherelected,appointed,oremergingbygroupconsensus,directs,coordinates,andsupervisestheworkofothersforthepurposeofaccomplishingagiventask.

简答题5*6’

1.Thefourcentralissuesinorganizationbehavior:

（1）Socialpressurecauseindividualgroupmembertoconform.

（2）Educativeworkteamsdonotjusthappen,theymustbebuiltandnurtured.

（3）Makingmajorchangesinagovernmentagencyrequiresbroadscopestrategiesthataresimilartomilitarytacticsandstrategiesthantoorganizationtheory.

（4）Ifanorganizationistobebecomeandremaineffective,itsmembersmustengageingenerativelearning,learningthatenhanceourcapacitytocreate.

2.Thetenetsofclassicalorganizationtheory:

（1）Organizationexisttoaccomplishproduction-relatedandeconomicgoals

（2）thereisonebestwaytoorganizeforproduction,andthatwaycanbefoundthroughsystematic,scientificinquiry.

（3）Productionismaximizedthroughspecializationanddivisionforlabor.

（4）Peopleandorganizationactinaccordancewithrationaleconomicprinciples.

3.Fourconditionsforsuccessfulteambuilding:

（1）Interdependence

（2）Leadership

（3）Jointdecision

（4）Equalinfluence

4.Thekeypurposeofthebudgetaryprocess:

（1）Controloverpublicmoneyandaccountabilitytopublicauthority.

（2）Predictabilityandplanning

（3）Relatingexpendituretorevenue

（4）Varyingspendingtosuittheeconomy

（5）usingthebudgetasaleverforefficiency.

5.Fourover-archingprinciplesdefinetheIGR:

（1）Constitutionalgovernment

（2）Formalfederalism

（3）thediversityofgovernment

（4）Pervasivedemocracy

6.Measurementforevaluatingtheproductivityagency:

（1）acomprehensivesetofscrutinymechanismsdesignedtoexamineperformanceandproductivity

（2）Detectandexposefraudorlackofcompliancewithfinancialmandates.

（3）Assessesandevaluatebroaderissuestodowithprogrameffectiveness.

7.Mainpurposesofcodesofethics:

（1）Codesofethicsaidintheformationofaprofessionalconsensus.

（2）Codesofethicsprovideapointofreferencewhenapublicadministratorisfacedwithadilemma.

（3）Codesofethicsprovideabasisforeducatingmembers.

8.Fourmodelsofgovernmentthatunderliecurrentpublicsectorreformproposal:

（1）Marketgovernment

（2）Participativegovernment

（3）Flexiblegovernment

（4）Deregulatedgovernment

9.Thenewpublicmanagement:

（1）Privatizationofmanygovernmentactivities

（2）Downsizingofpublicbureaucracies

（3）andemphasisongovernmentmakingpolicyratherthandeliveringservices

（4）Greateruseofnonprofitsinservicedelivery

（5）Deregulation

（6）Reducedbureaucraticcomplexity

（7）thedeclineofthepoliticallyneutralcareerpublicservice

（8）andemphasisonmeasuringreportingandrewardingperformance

10.Hierarchyofethics:

（1）Personalmorality

（2）Professionalethics

（3）Organizationalethics

（4）Socialethics

翻译：

3*10’

Chapter1

Publicadministrationreferstotwodistinguishablebutcloselyrelatedactivities:

（1）aprofessionalpractice（vocation,occupation,fieldofactivity）and

（2）anacademicfieldwhichseekstounderstand,develop,criticize,andimprovethatprofessionalpracticeaswellastotrainindividualsforthatpractice.Thesimplemeaningofthetermisquitedirect:

itrefersontheonehandtotheadministrationormanagementofmatterswhichhaveprincipallytodowiththesociety,polityanditssubpartswhicharenotessentiallyprivate,familial,commercial,orindividualistic,andontheotherhandtothedisciplinedstudyofsuchmatters.Inthissimplestmeaningpublicadministrationhastodowithmanagingtherealmofgovernmentedandotherpublicactivities.Thissimpledefinitionconveystheessenceofpublicadministrationandprobablycoversthevastmajorityofactivitiesandconcernsofcontemporarypublicadministration.

公共管理涉及两种明显不同但又紧密联系的活动：

（1）职业领域（职业、工作、活动领域）

（2）致力于了解，发展、批评和提高这种职业培训的学术领域。

这个术语的简单含义是非常直接的：

一方面，它指主要与社会、政治组织、以及其分支有关的事务，而这些分支基本上不是私人家庭、商业和个人的。

另一方面，它指对这些事物的严谨研究。

就其最简单的意义来说，公共管理涉及政府和其他公共活动的管理。

这个简单的定义表达了公共管理的本质，也可能包含了当代公共管理的大部分问题和活动。

Chapter2

Theterm"administrationstate”isintendtoconveyseveralrealitiesofcontemporarygovernment:

thatagreatdealofthesociety'sresourcesarespentonthesalariesandfunctionsofpublicadministration;thatpublicadministrationarecrucialtotheoperationofcontemporarygovernment;that,asawhole,theyarepoliticallypowerfulandthatthenationhasdecidedonacourseofattemptingtosolveitsproblemandachieveitsaimsthroughtheuseofadministrativeaction.

“行政型国家”这一术语是表达当代政府的若干现实。

大量的社会资源被浪费在了公共行政部门所开销的薪酬和行政活动中。

公共部门的管理者对当代政府的运作是至关重要的；作为一个整体，公共部门的管理者同时拥有行政权力；国家通常采用行政的方法试图来解决他们遇到的问题，以及实现相应的目标。

Chapter5

Thesystemoffederalismwasestablishedbytheconstitution.JamesBryceexplains:

"ithaslongbeenagreedthattheonlypossibleformofgovernmentforAmericanisafederalone."Thechiefdeternativetoafederalsystemofgovernmentisaunitarysystem,asinFranceorJapan,wheretherearenostategovernmentandallsignificantpowerlieswiththenationalgovernment.Suchsystemmaybegoodforgettingthingsdoneandforfocusingaccountability.Theyavoidoverlapandduplicationlevelsofgovernmentorcomplexsystemoffederalstatefinancialrelations.Butnon-unitaryfederalsystemoffergreatstrengthsintermsofenhancingdiversityofrecognizingthevariancesamongaspiration,valuesandresourcesthatpeopleholdindifferentcommunitiesandcornersacrossthisnation.Oursystemoffederalismplacessignificantdemocraticgovernmentsineverycityandcrossroadsand,bysodoing,thepotentialgovernmentisreduced.

联邦制度是在宪法的基础上建立的。

詹姆斯·布莱斯解释说：

”一直以来，一致认为，对美国来说唯一可能政府的形式是联邦政府。

联邦政府系统主要采用的是一个单一的系统，如法国和日本，没有州政府，所有重要的权力是在国家政府手中。

这种系统可能的好处就是做实事和重点问责制。

他们避免重叠和复杂联邦国家财政制度的关系。

但非单一的联邦系统可以加强多样性方面的优势，承认全国各个不同地区人民所拥有的愿望，价值和资源以及民族的差异性。

我们联邦制度让伟大的民主政府渗透到每一个城市和国家的每一个角落，并通过这样做，使出现一个偏远和反应迟钝的独裁政府的潜在风险降低。

Chapter8

PerformanceManagementconsistsofsixphases.

1.Theorganizationspecifiesclearandmeasurableobjectives.

2.Managementselectsandusesperformanceindicatorstomeasuretheorganization’sprogressinattainingitsobjectives.

3.Theperformanceofeachemployees（orteam）isevaluatedregularly.

4.Performanceincentivesareusedtohelpmotivateemployeestomeettheorganization’sobjectives.

5.Financialandhumanresourcesarecoordinatedandbudgetedinamannerthatfocusesresourcesonorganizationalobjectives.

6.Theorganization’sprogressisassessedattheendofeachbudgetcycle,andgoalsarere-settocontinuouslyimproveperformanceoversuccessivebudgetcycles.

绩效管理包括六个阶段

（1）该组织确定明确和可衡量的目标

（2）管理者选择和使用绩效指标来衡量该组织在实现其目标的进展情况

（3）每个员工或团队的表现定期评估

（4）绩效奖励是用来帮助激励员工，以满足该组织的目标

（5）财政和人力资源的相互协调以及做好预算，主要是为了保证组织资源被投入到实现组织目标的过程中

（6）在每个预算周期结束时，对组织目标的进展情况进行评估，组织目标可以被重新设置来不断提高连续预算周期中的绩效水平

Chapter11

Thefunctionsofpublicpersonnelmanagement

（1）Recruitingandselectinggovernmentemployees;

（2）Developingandmaintainingasystemforclassifyinggovernmentpositions（jobs）andestablishingequitablepayandbenefitrangesforeachpositionclassification;

（3）Developingandsupportingtheemployeeperformanceappraisalsystem;

（4）managingemployee-laborrelations,includingcollectivebargainingwithpublicunionsandcontractmaintenance;

（5）Discipliningandterminatingemployeeswhoviolaterulesorwhodonotperformatexpectedlevels,includingmaintainingthegrievancesystem;

（6）Coordinatingtrainingprogramsforemployeesandmanagers.

公共人事管理的功能：

（1）招聘选拔政府官员；发展和维持政府职位的分类

（2）对于每个分类的职位建立公平的薪酬和福利制度；

（3）开发和支持员工的绩效考核体系

（4）管理员工劳动关系，包括与工会（组织）的集体谈判以及合同的维系

（5）管教或者解雇那些违反规定或表现达不到预期目标的员工，（同时要有）保证他们申诉权的制度

（6）协调员工和管理人员的培训计划