Designofaremotelightingcontrolsystem1.docx

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Designofaremotelightingcontrolsystem1

InternationalJournalofAppliedElectromagneticsandMechanics18（2003）127–137127

IOSPress

Designofaremotelightingcontrolsystem

usingtimedivisionmultiplextransmission

Sung-JaeJunga,Sung-YongYunbandIl-HwanKimc

aDepartmentofControl&InstrumentationEngineering,KangwonNationalUniversity,Chunchon,

Korea

Tel.:

+820332508789;Fax:

+82-033-242-2059;E-mail:

pok@mirae.kangwon.ac.kr

bDepartmentofControl&InstrumentationEngineering,KangwonNationalUniversity,Chunchon,

Korea

Tel.:

+820332508789;Fax:

+82-033-242-2059;E-mail:

yong0386@

cDepartmentofElectrical&ComputerEngineering,KangwonNationalUniversity,Chunchon,Korea

Tel.:

+820332506347;Fax:

+82-033-242-2059;E-mail:

ihkim@kangwon.ac.kr

Abstract.

Inthispaper,anewdistributivelightingcontrolsystemforBA（BuildingAutomation）ispresented.Foroptimallightingcontrolandsavingenergyinbuildingssuchashotels,schoolsandoffices,thegroupandpatternlightingcontrolaswellasindividuallightingcontrolatonetimearerequired.Allthemodulatedlightingcontrolterminalsareconnectedtothecentralcontrolunitthroughapairofpowerlines.Thesepowerlinesprovidebothpowerandsignalstotheeachdistributedterminal,anddataaretransmittedusingthecyclictimedivisionmultiplextransmissionalgorithm.Withthisalgorithm,alow-costdistributivecontrolsystemforlightingapplicationshasbeenachieved,allowingenergyandmaintenancesavingandincreasingthereliabilityofthelightingcontrolsystem.

1.Introduction

1.1.Background

Toprovideapleasantbuildingenvironment,theeaseoffacilitymaintenance,managementandenergysavingarerequired.Recentlymanynewofficebuildingshavebeenbuiltasintelligentbuildings.BA（BuildingAutomation）systems,whichareemployedinintelligentbuildings,consistofavarietyofsubsystemssuchasair-conditioning,elevators,firealarms,securitysystems,andtemperaturemonitoringandcontrolsystems.Ingeneral,toimplementtotalbuildingmanagementsystems,thesesubsystemsareconnectedtoacentralcontrolsystem[1].Anewlightingcontrolsystemisbeingdevelopedrapidly,asthesystembecomesincreasinglymoresophisticated.Ithasthepotentialtoproducesignificantbenefitsthroughenergysavingsduetoreasonable

managementofdaylightandlighting,increasedtenantcomfort,planningflexibilityforfrequentalternationofofficelayoutandsimplifieddesignandinstallationoflightingsystem.Foroptimumlightingcontrolandefficientenergysaving,itisnecessarytoimplementgroupandpatterncontroloflighting,schedulingoflightingaswellasindividualtoggle-controlsoflighting.Usingthefollowingstrategies:

daylightcontrol,timecontrol,tasktuningofthelight（i.e.adjustingnecessaryvaluetolightinglevelsvalueforeachtask）andsoon,energyreductionupto70percentcanbeachieved[2].1383-5416/03/$8.002003–IOSPress.Allrightsreserved.However,lightingcontrolinmodernbuildingandofficesisatypicalexampleofwherelargeamountandcomplicatedconnectionsofwiringsarerequired.Intheearlydays,connectionsbetweenswitchesandlamps（generallyreferredtoas‘node’）arerelayedwithacomplicatedwiringsystemthatbasicallyjoinseverypairofrelatednodes（“point-to-point”）,oremploysstarconnectiontomanagethedataflowinthenetwork.Inbothcases:

thecostofwiringishighandlackstheflexibilityofmodifyingtheconfigurationofthesysteminthefuture.Thesystemisalsodifficulttodebugandmaintainandwhenthestarconnectionisused,anentiregroupofnodescanceasetooperateifthecentralcomputeisdown.It

isunrealistictoexpectalightingsysteminalargefacilitytobemanagedmanuallybyflippingswitchesorturningdialsonthewall.Theexistenceoftheseproblemscallsforabettersolution.Onethatusesasinglebustoconnectalargegroupofintelligencedevices,allowinghighinteroperabilitybetweenthenodesbutpracticallyhasnointerferencewhensomeofthemembersarefaulty.Intuitively,theLocalAreaNetwork（LAN）,withitsprofoundcapabilityinmovinglargeblocksofdataamongcomputersandtheirperipherals,appearstobeanobviousoption.However,althoughtheperformanceoftheLANsystemsishighintermsofreliabilityandthroughput,itisnotcosteffectiveandflexiblefortransferringshortmessagesbetweenalargenumberofintelligentnodesintendedtobeeconomical,smallinsize,andeasytooperate.AnalternativesolutionthatincludestheadvantagesoftheLANandtheeconomicalaspectsistointroduceIntelligentDistributedNetworkswithspecificprotocolsforlinkinglargeamountoflowcostsandoftensinglechipprocessorsdesignedtointerfacewithsimplesensorsoractuators（i.e.nodes）.Theprocessorsarerequiredtocompletelargenumbersoftransactionspersecondwithagoodresponsetime.Asanexample,inacentralizedlightingcontrolsystem,theconnectionofeverynodestoaLANthroughacomputerequippedwithanetworkingcardandsoftware,willbefartooexpensiveandcomplicatedforsuchasimpletask.Amoreeconomicalsolutionistobuildintoeachnodewithalowcostprocessor（ormicrocontroller）thatiscapableofsendingsignals,withaunifiedprotocol,shortmessagestoallothernodesinthenetwork[3].InthispaperanewdistributivecontrolsystemforBA（BuildingAutomation）lightingcontrolusedongeneralmicroprocessors,ispresented.Foroptimallightingcontrolsandto

saveenergy,thesystemhastocontrolthegroupandpatternlightingcontrolsaswellasindividuallightcontrolsatonetime.Inthispaper,thesefunctionsareaccomplishedthroughalow-costandsimplemicroprocessor.Apluralityofmodulatedlightcontrolterminalsareconnectedtothecentralcontrolunitthroughapairofpowerlines.Thispowerlineprovidesbothpowerandasignaltotheeachterminalandthedataistransmittedthroughacyclictimedivisionmultiplextransmission.Withthisstructure

alow-costdistributivecontrolsystemforlightingapplicationshasbeenachieved,whichincludesthefollowingadvantages.

–Increasedreliability–databetweennodescanbemonitored,andhistorydata,canbegatheredtopredictafailureincontrollednodes

–EaseofMaintenance–itiseasierforasupervisorandtenanttomonitor,serviceandmaintainthroughadistributivenetworksystem.

–Energysavings–withavarietyofstrategiesanoptimallightingsystemisadoptedandthecostoflightingcanbereduced.

1.2.Functionrequiredatthelightingcontrol

Recentintelligentbuilding’slayoutsarefrequentlyalteredwiththeuseofmovablepartitions.Forexample,aroomthathasbeenused,asawarehousemightbeameetingroom,andviceversa.Inthiscase,thepatternoflightinghastobechangedwiththealternation.Alightingdevicesuchasstreetlamps

Individual-control

Tocontrolonenode（lamp）atoneplace（switch）,likeatoggle-switchturnsalamponandoffintheconventionalway

Remote-control

Group-control

Tocontrolonenode（lamp）atseveraldifferentplaces（switch）,e.g.,astair-lamp

Tocontrolseveraldifferentlampsfromoneplace（switch）atonetime,suchasacorridor-lamp,toiletlamp,andstair-lamp,whichcanbecontrolledbythebuildingmanagementstaffatthecentralcontrolroom.

Pattern-control

Scheduling

Toformaspecificlightingpatterns.Toaccomplishapredefinedlightingpatternaccordingtoascheduletablethatvariesdependingonthetimeofday,weekandyear,alsobetweenweekdaysandweekend,summerandwinter.

Table1

couldbecontrolledatonetimealsoexists.Particularly,thelightingdeviceslargelydependonthetimeofday,seasonandtheplacetobeinstalled.Thispropertyiscloselyrelatedtoflexibilitythatisalsoacrucialfactorofsystemevaluations.Tomeettheserequirementsofintelligentbuildings,thesystemhastohavenotonlyfunctionstoimplementgroupandpatternlightingcontrolsandindividuallightcontrolsatonetime,butalsototheabilitytoschedulethelightingtimeaccordingtothetimeoftheday,theyear,andregions.Theabove-mentionedfunctionsaresummarizedinTabl-e1.

2.Implementation

2.1.Systemoutline

Figure1showsthebasicblockdiagramoftheproposedlightingsystem.Thisdistributivelightingcontrolsystemismadeupofintelligentcommunicationdevices,callednodes,whicharelogicallycombined.Anodemaybeabasicwiringdevicesuchasaswitch,aSensor,aTerminalUnit（T/U）andanInterfaceUnitthatisconnectedtoaPCviaaRS-232Cserialcommunicationandiscontrolledbyit.Thedesignofthesystemusingtheproposedspecscouldbemuchmoreefficientandeconomicalthancon-ventionalones.Lightingnodes（slaves）andcontrolunits（Master）atoneregioncanbefreelytappedontoacommoncommunicationline.ThesolidlineofFig.1isatransmissionmedium,whichusesapairoftwistedlinesover1.2mmindiameter.Thetransmissionrateisabout9,600bps.Duetothetransmissionlineseffectinlong（>500m）cables,signalattenuationonlongdistancemaynecessitatethefrequentuseofrepeaters,atdistancesoflessthan500m.Itispossibletotransmitsignalslongdistancebyusingrepeaters[6].Thistwistedpairplaystheroleofprovidingpower（VCCsuppliedtoeachdevices）transmissionforeveryswitchandTerminalUnit（T/U）aswellasasignaltransmission,thatis,fromviewofbothpowerandsignaltransmission.Thecommunicationmethodproposedinthispaperisakindofpowerlinecommunication.Thus,thereisnomediumforprovidingpowerasdepictedinFig.1.Withthisfeature,theinstallationissimplifiedandcostisreduced.Figure2showsa