6四级考前冲刺试题一.docx

6四级考前冲刺试题一.docx

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6四级考前冲刺试题一

2013.6四级考前冲刺试题一

PartIWriting（30minutes）

Directions:

Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledToBuyBooksOnlineorinBookstore?

followingtheoutlinegivenbelow.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.

1.有的人喜欢在网上书店买书

2.有的人却喜欢去传统书店买书

3.你的看法

ToBuyBooksOnlineorinBookstore?

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PartIIReadingComprehension（SkimmingandScanning）（15minutes）

Directions:

Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA）,B）,C）andD）.Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

EvenGooglewon’tbearoundforever,letaloneFacebook

Intheworldofinternettechnologyacompanycangofromzerotoheroinaveryshorttime

Someyearsago,whentheGoogleBooksproject,whichaimstodigitisealloftheworld’sprintedbooks,wasgettingunderway,thetwoco-foundersofGooglewerehavingameetingwiththelibrarianofoneoftheuniversitiesthathadsignedupfortheplan.Atonepointintheconversation,theGoogleboysnoticedthattheircollaboratorhadsuddenlygoneratherquiet.Oneofthemaskedhimwhatwasthematter.“Well”,hereplied,“I’mwonderingwhathappenstoallthisstuffwhenGooglenolongerexists.”Recountingtheconversationtomelater,hesaid:

“I’veneverseentwoyoungpeoplelookingsostunned（震惊的）:

theideathatGooglemightnotexistonedayhadnevercrossedtheirminds.”

Andyet,ofcourse,thelibrarianwasright.Hehadtothinkaboutthenext400years.Butthenumberofcommercialcompaniesthataremorethanacenturyoldisvanishinglysmall.Entrustingtheworld’sliteraryheritagetosuchtransient（短暂的）organisationsmightnotbeentirelywise.

Comparedwithmylibrarianfriend,wehavetheattentionspanofnewts.Weareconstantlyoverawed（使敬畏）bythesize,wealthanddominanceofwhateverhappenstobethecurrentcorporategiant.Atthemoment,thefourleadingmonstersareApple,Google,FacebookandAmazon.Yet18yearsago,Applewasweeksawayfromextinction,Amazonhadjustlaunched,GooglewasstillthreeyearsawayfromincorporationandFacebooklaynineyearsintothefuture.

Atonelevel,allthisprovesisthatinthetechnologyworldonecangofromzerotoheroisaveryshorttime.（Or,inApple’scase,fromherotozeroandbacktoheroagainin36years）.Someoftheindustry’sgreatestexecutivesunderstoodthisverywell.AndyGrove,forinstance,wholedIntelfor11years,wasfamousforhismantra“Onlytheparanoidsurvive”.Formanyyears—whenheledMicrosoftandbeforeheembarkedonsavingtheworld—BillGatesappearedtohavethesamesentimenttattooedonhisforehead.Andinbothcasestheyturnedouttoberight:

thoughIntelandMicrosoftarestillsignificantcompanies,theirdominancehasended.TheprocessorsthatdominatethemarketformobiledevicesaredesignedbyARM,aCambridgecompany,notbyIntel;andMicrosoft’smonopolistic（垄断的）griponthedesktopcomputingmarketturnedouttobeawastingasset.

Weunderstandprettywellthefactorsthatdeterminethefortunesofcompaniesthatmakethingspeoplebuy—whichiswhy,forexample,onecanpredictthatApplewon’tbeableindefinitelytosustainitshugeprofitmarginsonitsiDevices.Likewise,it’sprettyeasytopredictwhereAmazonisheaded:

itaimstobetheWalmartoftheweb,andisthereforelikelytobearoundforquiteawhile.Googlehasawellunderstoodandcurrentlyprofitablebusinessmodelandahugetechnicalinfrastructurebutultimatelyisvulnerable（难防御的）toawell-resourcedcompetitorarmedwithbettersearchtechnology.

ThisleavesFacebook,acompanythathasonebillionproducts（calledusers）andearnsitslivingbysellinginformationaboutthemtoadvertisers.GiventhatholdersofFacebookaccountsdon’tpayfortheservice—andarethereforefreetodepartatanypoint—you’dhavethoughtthatitslong-termdurabilitywouldbequestionable.Andyetlotsofinformedandcanny（精明的）investorsdisagree.Theyappeartoregardthecompanyasasure-firebet.

ThetwokeyfactorsthatwilldetermineFacebook’sfuturearethepowerofnetworkeffectsandthe“stickiness”ofitsservice—ie,theextenttowhichitcandissuadeusersfromleaving.Anetworkeffectcomesintoplaywhenthevalueofaproductorserviceisdependentonthenumberofpeopleusingit.Atelephonenetworkwithamillionsubscribersisinfinitelymorevaluablethenonewithonly10.Intechnologicalecosystems,networkeffectsareverypowerful:

theyexplain,forexample,howMicrosoftcametodominatethemarketfordesktopoperatingandofficesystems.

Intheearlydaysofonlinesocialnetworkingtherewerearangeofdifferent,incompatible（不兼容的）networks—Friendster,Orkut,MySpaceandFacebook.But,overtime,Facebookwonoutbyattractingmoreusersandgrowingmorequicklythantheothers.Andthemorequicklyitgrew,themorepowerfulthenetworkeffectbecame,withtheresultthatitisnowthedefacto（实际上存在的）standardforsocialnetworking.Infact,itisnowsodominantthatmillionsofpeoplearoundtheworldthinkthatFacebookistheinternet.

Ifyouputyourfaithinnetworkeffects,therefore,Facebooklookslikeagoodinvestmentbecauseit’llbearoundforthelongterm.Ifpeoplewanttodosocialnetworking,thenit’llbetheonlygameintown.Facebookuserswillconstituteacaptivemarketandwillbecorrespondinglyexploited.Andthecompanywillberegulatedasa monopoly.

Whichiswhere“stickiness”comesin.Howmuchexploitationwilluserstoleratebeforetheydecidetoquit?

Weknowalotaboutnetworkeffectsbutrelativelylittleaboutthis,whichiswhyanewstudybythreescientistsattheSwissuniversityETHZurichmakesinterestingreading.Theyexaminedseveralsocialnetworkingservices,seekingtoidentifywhatmakesthemresilientandwhatcouldcausethemtodecline.Andtheyperformedanempiricalautopsyonafailedservice—Friendster—usingdatagatheredjustbeforeitclosed.Thekeydeterminantsofsuccessorfailurewere（i）theaveragenumberoffriendsthatusershaveand（ii）whetherthedifficultyofusingthesitecomestooutweightheperceivedbenefits.FacebookisdoingOKonthefirstofthesecriteriabut—inmyexperience—becomingincreasinglyvulnerableonthesecondasthecompanytriesto“monetise（货币化）”itsusers.IfMarkZuckerberg’sempirecan’tsquarethiscirclethennoteventhepowerofnetworkeffectswillsaveitinthelongrun.

1.WhenthelibrarianmentionedthatGooglemightnotexistoneday,thetwofounderofthecompany______.

A）hadexpectedtheproblem

B）madeaquickangryreply

C）wereextremelysurprised

D）lookedveryfrightened

2.Whatdoestheauthorsayabouttoday’scommercialcompanies?

A）Someofthemwillgrowintocorporategiants.

B）Theyaredoomedtofailurefromthestart.

C）Theycanhelpprotecttheliteraryheritage.

D）Mostofthemwerefoundednotlongago.

3.Accordingtothepassage,whathappenedtoApple18yearsago?

A）Itgotveryclosetobankruptcy.

B）Itmergedwithalargecompany.

C）Itgaineddominanceinthemarket.

D）IthadjustbeenestablishedintheUS.

4.Someofthegreatestexecutivesknewwellthatinthetechnologyworld______.

A）nobodywillbeabletoreproducethesuccessofApple

B）itwilltakequitealongtimeforacompanytoexpand

C）onlythroughinnovationcanoneachievecontinuedsuccess

D）acompanycangofromzerotoheroinaveryshorttime

5.WhatisthefortuneofAmazonaccordingtotheauthor’sanalysis?

A）ItwilltaketheplaceofWalmart.

B）Itwillexistforafairlylongtime.

C）Itmaybetakenoverbyitsrival.

D）Itmaylosetheleadingpositionsoon.

6.HowdoinformedandcleverinvestorsseeFacebook?

A）Itsbusinessmodeliswronginsomeway.

B）Itisaworthwhileinvestmentinthelongrun.

C）Itisunlikelytoprofitbyprovidingfreeservices.

D）Itshouldbeinvestedonlyintheshortterm.

7.TheexampleofMicrosoft’sgainingdominanceinthedesktopoperatingsystemshowsthat______.

A）freeservicesareabigadvantage

B）technologicalupdatesarenecessary

C）networkeffectsareverypowerful

D）theusernumberisnotimportant

8.Infact,theeffectofFacebookbecamesopowerf