洋务运动英文版.ppt
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洋务运动TheWesternizationMovement中国近代化的起步ThestartingofthemodernizationinChina19世纪世纪中期,中期,近代化近代化是世界性的进步潮流,是世界性的进步潮流,它是指从传统农业社会向近代工业化社会的转它是指从传统农业社会向近代工业化社会的转变过程。
变过程。
Onthemid-19thcentury,Modernizationisaworldwideprogressivetrend,Itpointstheprocessofchangingfromatraditionalagriculturalsocietytoamodernindustrializedsociety.中中国国近近代代化化ModernizationinChina经济领域经济领域(EconomicField):
工业化工业化(以机器生产为以机器生产为标志标志)富强富强Industrialization(Markedbymachineryproduction)-richandstrong政治领域政治领域(PoliticalField):
反侵略反侵略民族独立民族独立Anti-aggression-NationalIndependence反封建反封建民主自由民主自由Anti-feudalism-Democracyandfreedom思想文化领域思想文化领域(Ideologyandculturefield):
学习西方学习西方思想解放思想解放Learnfromthewestern-IdeologicalLiberation何谓“洋务”?
WhatdoesWesternizationmean?
是指诸如外事交涉、签订条约、派遣留学是指诸如外事交涉、签订条约、派遣留学生、购买洋枪洋炮、开矿办厂等与外国资生、购买洋枪洋炮、开矿办厂等与外国资本主义有关的事情本主义有关的事情。
Theyaremattersrelatingtoforeigncapitalism,suchasNegotiationaboutforeignaffairs、Signtreaty、ReturnedStudentsdispatch、purchaseforeigngunandcannon、developmineandduildfactory何谓“洋务运动”WhatdoesTheWesternizationMovementmean?
是指世纪年代,封建统治阶级中的洋务派打着“自强”、“求富”的旗号,开展的一场企图摆脱内忧外患、维护清朝封建统治的自救运动。
On19century60s-90s,theWesternizationGroupinthefeudalrulingclasscarriedoutself-helpmovementandattemptedtogetridofinternalandexternalSufferings,upholdtheruleofthefeudalQingDynastyinthenameofself-strong、“pursuingwealth”。
洋务运动兴起的历史背景ThehistoricalbackgroundoftherisingoftheWesternizationMovement太平天国运动仍未被镇压下去(内忧)TheTaipingRebellionhadntbeenrepressedTheTaipingRebellionhadntbeenrepressed(internalsufferings)(internalsufferings)第二次鸦片战争再次战败,签定了一系列不平等条约(外患)TheSecondOpiumWarlostagain,aseriesofunequaltreatiesweresigned(externalsufferings)1861年,总理衙门设立In1861,ThePremierGovernmentwasestablished.辛酉政变后,慈禧太后掌握实权Afterxinyoucoup,theEmpressDowagerCixiAfterxinyoucoup,theEmpressDowagerCiximasteredrealpower.masteredrealpower.汉族官僚势力逐步扩大Hanbureaucraticforcesexpandedgradually.第二次鸦片战争后,中外反动势力开始勾结AftertheSecondOpiumWar,Chineseandforeignreactionaryforcesbegantocollude.洋务派与顽固派的争论洋务派要购买外洋器物,始而演习,继而试造,主张学习西方先进技术,剿发捻,勤远略,即镇压农民起义,抵抗外侮,中心是维护清朝统治TheWesternizationGroupwantpurchaseoceanicartifacts,startedtoexercise,thentriedtomakeadvocates,learnedtheadvancedtechnology,destroyedhairtwist,alittlegroundaway,Ttwastorepresspeasantuprisingsandagainstforeignaggression,thecenterwasdefendingtheruleofQingDynasty顽固派在对待西方技术上,明显存在盲目排外、仇视一切外洋事务的主张Whentreatedwesterntechnology,theDiehardsagainstWhentreatedwesterntechnology,theDiehardsagainsteverythingforeign,hatedtheideaofalltheoceaniceverythingforeign,hatedtheideaofalltheoceanicaffairsaffairs阶级属性:
Classattribute:
根本目的:
Thefundamentalpurpose:
思想观点:
Ideasandviews:
地主阶级theLandlordClass中学胜西学ChinesestudywinWesternstudy维护清朝封建统治MaintainthefeudalruleoftheQingDynasty相同Similarities洋务派与顽固派的异同SimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheWesternizationGroupandtheDiehards不同Differences对待西方近代文明成果的态度和解决内忧外患的手段不同。
Theattitudetomodernwesterncivilizationandthemeansofsolvinginternalandexternalproblemsisdifferent.洋务派:
theWesternizationGroup:
守旧排外,原样统治Conservativeexclusion,stoodrule顽固派:
theDiehard:
顺应时变,学习西技Complywithtime-varying,learnWesterntechnology中体西用洋务运动的指导思想WesternizedChineseStyle_TheguidingideologyofWesternizationMovement洋务运动的口号就是师夷长技以自强TheWesternizationMovementssloganisLearningtheskillstoself-reliance既承认西方在技术方面的先进,又强调学习的目的在增强自身实力而不是削弱自身传统;既认同传统观念的精神价值,又确认西方工业、机器生产技术的实用价值。
这就为洋务运动的逐步开展奠定了理论基础-NotonlyacknowledgedthetechnicalaspectsofWesternart,butalsostressedthepurposeoflearningandenhancetheirownpowerratherthanunderminetheirowntraditions;bothagreedthespiritualvaluesoftraditionalconcepts,butalsoconfirmedthepracticalvalueoftheWesternindustrialandmachineryproductiontechnologies.ThislaidtheoreticalfoundationforgradualdevelopmentoftheWesternizationMovement.洋务派试图把西方资本主义先进技术,嫁接到清王朝腐朽的封建制度上来。
ThewesternizationGroupattempttedtoThewesternizationGroupattempttedtograftwesternesterncapitalismadvancedtechnologyontothecapitalismadvancedtechnologyontothedecadentfeudalsystemofQingDynasty.QingDynasty.建立在近代资本主义政治、经济基础上的近代技术与腐朽的封建社会体制是不相容的,这正是洋务派的不足之处。
TheThemoderntechnologyestablishedonmoderncapitalistestablishedonmoderncapitalistpoliticalandeconomicpoliticalandeconomicareincompatiblewiththedecadentwiththedecadentfeudalsocialsystem,thisisfeudalsocialsystem,thisisthedeficienciesofthetheWesternizationGroup.WesternizationGroup.如何判定洋务企业的性质?
HowtodeterminethenatureoftheWesternizationenterprises?
一个企业的性质主要由生产目的、产品分配、销售和企业管理特点等方面决定的。
像江南制造总局这样的军事工业,其生产目的是为清政府服务,产品由清政府分配给军队使用,内无资金积累,外无市场联系,企业的管理机构又是封建衙门式的,所以我们称像它这样的军事工业为封建性质的企业;像轮船招商局这样的民用企业,其生产的目的是为了获取利润,企业的管理中也出现了资本主义性质的管理方式,因此这些民用企业基本上是以利润、市场和价值规律为基础的资本主义性质的企业。
Thenatureofanenterpriseisdecidedmainlybyfea