英语高考英语高中英语阅读理解科普环保的基本方法技巧及练习题及练习题含答案.docx

英语高考英语高中英语阅读理解科普环保的基本方法技巧及练习题及练习题含答案.docx

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英语高考英语高中英语阅读理解科普环保的基本方法技巧及练习题及练习题含答案

【英语】高考英语高中英语阅读理解（科普环保）的基本方法技巧及练习题及练习题（含答案）

一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类

1．犇犇阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

   Throughoutmuchofhumanhistory,manhasbeenthemeasureofmany,ifnotall,things.Lengthsweredividedupintofeetandsmallerunitsfromthehumanhand.Othermeasureswereequallycharacteristic.Mediterraneantradersforcenturiesusedtheweightofgrainsofwheattodefine（定义）theirunitsofmass.TheRomansusedlibra,forerunnerofthepound,byreferringtotheweightofacarob（角豆树）seed.

   Thesizesofsimilarlynamedunitscouldalsodiffer.Theking'sfoot,usedinFrancefornearly1,000yearsafteritsintroductionbyCharlemagneinaround790AD,was,at32.5cm,aroundacentimetershorterthantheBelgicfoot,usedinEnglanduntil1300.Greek,EgyptianandBabylonianversionsofwaterinafixedcontainervariedfromoneanotherbyafewkilos,Norwasthereagreementonsuchthingswithincountries.InFrance,wheretherewasnounified（统一的）measurementsystematthenationallevel,thesituationwasparticularlyterrible.Thelieue（formermeasureofdistance）,forexample,variedfromjustover3kminthenorthtonearly6kminthesouth.

   AlthoughJohnWilkins,anEnglishman,firstputforwardadecimalsystem（十进制）ofmeasurementin1668,itwastheFrenchwhoin1799madeitlaw.TheSystèmeInternationald'Unités（SI,orthemetricsystem,asitisbetterknown）developedfromitandbecametheofficialmeasurementinallcountriesexceptMyanmar,LiberiaandtheUnitedStates.NowtheInternationalBureauofWeightsandMeasuresinParisissettogivethemetricsystemitsbiggestshake-upyet.

   AtameetinginVersailles,France,onNovember16th,2018,theworld'smeasurementbodiesarealmostcertaintoapproveadecisionthatwillmeanfouroutofthesevenbaseSIunits,includingthekilogram,willfollowtheotherthree,includingthemetre,inbeingredefinedintermsofthevaluesofphysicalconstants（物理常数）.Eachofthechosenconstantshasbeenmeasuredincrediblyprecisely,whichwouldmeanthatfromMay20th2019theconstantswillthemselvesbefixedattheircurrentvaluesforever.Anylaboratoryintheworldwillthenbeabletomeasure,forexample,themassofanobjectaspreciselyastheaccuracyoftheirequipmentwillallow.

（1）WhatdoesParagraph1mainlytellus?

A.Poundwentbeforelibrainmeasurement.

B.Differentthingsusedtobeadoptedasmeasures.

C.GrainswereacceptedasmeasuresbytheRomans.

D.Fixedmeasurementsystemsweregraduallyformed.

（2）Howdoestheauthordevelopthesecondparagraph?

A.Intimeorder.

B.Byanalysis.

C.Inspaceorder.

D.Bycomparison.

（3）WhichofthefollowingcountriesusedSIasanofficialmeasurement?

A.France.

B.Liberia.

C.America.

D.Myanmar.

（4）Whatwilltheworld'smeasurementbodiesachieveatthemeetingheldinVersailles?

A.TheywillcomeupwithsevennewSIunits.

B.TheywillsetMay20thasanewinternationalfestival.

C.TheywillredefinefourSIunitsincludingthekilogram.

D.Theywilldecideonanewmeasureusedinthelaboratory.

【答案】

（1）B

（2）D

（3）A

（4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，法国凡尔赛宫举办的国际计量大会，将对目前使用的国际单位制中的四个基本单位进行重新定义，其中包括对千克的重新定义。

（1）考查推理判断。

根据第一段中的“manhasbeenthemeasureofmany,ifnotall,things”以及下文提到的用作计量单位的手、脚、谷物重量和参考角豆种子重量的磅可知，本段主要讲述了不同的东西被用作计量单位。

故选B。

（2）考查推理判断。

根据第二段中的“Theking'sfoot...aroundacentimetreshorterthantheBelgicfoot”和“Greek,EgyptianandBabylonianversionsofwaterinafixedcontainervariedfromoneanotherbyafewkilos,以及Thelieue（formermeasureofdistance）,forexample,variedfromjustover3kminthenorthtonearly6kminthesouth”可推知，本段作者主要运用了对比的写作方法，把同一计量单位在不同国家之间或者在同一国家不同区域间的差异进行了说明。

故选D。

（3）考查细节理解。

根据第三段中的“itwastheFrenchwhoin1799madeitlaw和TheSystèmeInternationald'Unités（SI,orthemetricsystem,asitisbetterknown）developedfromitandbecametheofficialmeasurementinallcountriesexceptMyanmar,LiberiaandtheUnitedStates”可知，在所给出的四个国家中，只有法国采用国际单位制（SI）。

国际单位制是现时世界上最普遍采用的标准度量衡单位系统，采用十进制进位系统。

故选A。

（4）考查细节理解。

根据最后一段中的“AtameetinginVersailles,France,onNovember16th,2018,theworld'smeasurementbodiesarealmostcertaintoapproveadecisionthatwillmeanfouroutofthesevenbaseSIunits...willfollowtheotherthree...inbeingredefinedintermsofthevaluesofphysicalconstants”可知，在法国凡尔赛宫召开的会议上，七个基本计量单位中的四个将被重新定义，其中包括对千克的重新定义。

故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

2．犇犇阅读理解

   Wolvesstrikefearintotheheartsofmanyspecies,humansincluded.Ourfearofthemhasbroughtthemtotheedgeofdyingout,aswehavecruellykilledthemascompetitorsandtrouble-makers.Butresearchersarediscoveringthattheveryfeartheyputintoprey（被捕食者）speciesisexactlywhathelpsmakeecosystems（生态）healthy.

   YellowstoneNationalParkisatypicalexampleofjusthowwolvescanhelprepairanecosystem.AnOctober2018studyanalyzed40yearsofresearchonlargeanimalsinsidethepark.

   "Yellowstonehasbenefitedfromthereintroductionofwolvesinwaysthatwedidnotanticipate,especiallythecomplexityofbiologicalinteractions（互动）inthepark,"explainedMarkBoyce,aprofessorintheDepartmentofBiologicalSciences."Wewerereallysurprisedatthatandwe'dneverhaveseentheseresponsesiftheparkhadn'tadoptedecological-processmanagement—allowingnaturalecologicalprocessestotakeplacewithleasthumanintervention."

   Afterthewolveswerere-introducedatYellowstone,willowandcottonwoodtreesincreasedinnumber.Thepopulationofbearsandbisonalsoroseandwhatwasoncearulingdeer-wolfinteractionisnowmorediverse.

   Tolearnmoreaboutjusthowwolvesarebeneficial,ashortdocumentaryfromQuestexplainshowthepresenceofwolvesinfluencesthebehaviorofdeer,whicheventuallymakesentireecosystemsmorebiologicallydiverseandhealthy.Inthisdocumentary,biologistAaronWirsingexploredwhywolvesandothertoppredators（捕食者）wereneededfordiverseecosystemstodevelop.Usingasimplevideocamera,Wirsingisgainingauniqueviewpointonpredator-preyrelationshipsandchangingthewaywethinkaboutwolves.

   Theresearchisonemorepieceofevidenceforwhyprotectingthesetoppredatorsisimportantnotjustforwolvesasaspecies,butforhundredsofspeciesateverylevelofanecosystem.Thefeartheybringalongmaybetheveryanglethathelpssavethemfromdyingout.

（1）Whatdoestheunderlinedword"anticipate"inparagraph3probablymean?

A. Expect.                           

B. Understand.                           

C. Notice.                           

D. Accept.

（2）Forwhatpurposewasadocumentarymade?

A. Tointroducehowwolvesbehaveinthewild.

B. Toshowhowwolvesbenefitfromecosystems.

C. TorecordhowAaronWirsingobservedwolves.

D. Tostudywhatgoodwolvescandotoecosystems.

（3）Whatisthesignificanceoftheresearch?

A. Itproveswolvesfeedonhundredsofspecies.

B. Ithelpsprovetheimportanceofprotectingwolves.

C. Itshowsthecomplexrelationshipsbetweenspecies.

D. Itprovidesevidencethatwolvesareendangeredanimals.

（4）Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A. Thefearofwolvesisbeneficialtoecosystems.

B. Thefearofwolvesputthemindangerofdisappearing.

C. YellowstoneNationalParkowesitshealthyecosystemstowolves.

D. TheintroductionofwolvesinYellowstoneNationalParkisasuccess.

【答案】

（1）A

（2）D

（3）B

（4）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，研究表明人类以及其他动物对狼的恐惧对维持健康、平衡的生态系统是有益的，其中黄石公园灰狼的引进就是一个典型的例子。

（1）考查词义猜测。

根据第三段中的"Wewerereallysurprisedatthat"可知，黄石公园在意想不到的方面从重新引入狼中获益。

故选A。

（2）考查细节理解。

根据第五段中的“Tolearnmoreaboutjusthowwolvesarebeneficial,ashortdocumentaryfromQuestexplainshowthepresenceofwolvesinfluencesthebehaviorofdeer,whicheventuallymakesentireecosystemsmorebiologicallydiverseandhealthy.”可知，拍摄纪录片的目的是了解狼是如何对生态有益的。

故选D。

（3）考查细节理解。

根据最后一段中的“Theresearchisonemorepieceofevidenceforwhyprotectingthesetoppredatorsisimportantnotjustforwolvesasaspecies,butforhundredsofspeciesateverylevelofanecosystem.”可知，这项研究再次证明了为什么保护这些食肉动物不仅对狼这个物种很重要，而且对生态系统的各个层面的物种都很重要。

故这项研究的意义在于它有助于证明保护狼的重要性。

故选B。

（4）考查主旨大意。

本文主要讲述了人类以及其他动物对狼的恐惧对维持健康、平衡的生态系统是有益的，因为食草动物不会过度繁殖，从而保护了植物的生长。

故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

3．阅读理解

   Richcountriesareracingtodematerialisepayments.Theyneedtodomoretopreparefortheside-effects.

   Forthepast3,000years,whenpeoplethoughtofmoneytheythoughtofcash.Overthepastdecade,however,digitalpaymentshavetakenoff—tappingyourplasticonaterminalorswipingasmartphonehasbecomenormal.Nowthisrevolutionisabouttoturncashintoanendangeredspeciesinsomericheconomies.Thatwillmaketheeconomymoreefficient—butitalsocausesnewproblemsthatcouldholdbackthetransition（转型）.

   Countriesareremovingcashatvaryingspeeds.InSwedenthenumberofretailcashtransactionperpersonhasfallenby80%inthepasttenyears.Americaisperhapsadecadebehind.Outsidetherichworld,cashisstillking.Buteventhereitsleadingroleisbeingchallenged.InChinadigitalpaymentsrosefrom4%ofallpaymentsin2012to34%in2017.

   Cashisdyingoutbecauseoftwoforces.Oneisdemand—youngerconsumerswantpaymentsystemsthatplugeasilyintotheirdigitallives.Butequallyimportantisthatsupplierssuchasbanksandtechfirms（indevelopedmarkets）andtelecomscompanies（inemergingones）aredevelopingfast,easy-to-usepaymenttechnologiesfromwhichtheycanpulldataandpocketfees.Thereisahighcosttorunningtheinfrastructurebehindthecasheconomy—ATMs,vanscarryingnotes,tellerswhoacceptcoins.Mostfinancialfirmsarekeent