英语专业跨文化交际期末知识点整理summary备课讲稿.docx
《英语专业跨文化交际期末知识点整理summary备课讲稿.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《英语专业跨文化交际期末知识点整理summary备课讲稿.docx(16页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
英语专业跨文化交际期末知识点整理summary备课讲稿
英语专业跨文化交际期末知识点整理summary
U1:
1.viewsoninterculturalcommunication
Twodifferentviewsoninterculturalcommunication:
“peoplearepeople”VS.“contactisnotequaltocommunication”
2.3majorsocio-culturalelementsinfluencingperceptionandcommunication
Culturalvalue,worldview,socialorganizations.
3.Whatisglobalization?
Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations。
a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-beinginsocieties around the world.
4.Whatarethestumblingblocksininterculturalcommunication?
(1)assumptionofsimiliarities:
peopleexpectthatsimplybeinghumanandhavingcommonrequirementsoffood,shelter,securityandsoonmakeseveryonealike.
(2)Languagedifferences.:
“yes”and“no”causetrouble.
(3)Nonverbalmisinterpretatons:
misinterpretationofobservablesiansandsymbols—gesture,postures,bodymovenment.
(4)Preconceptionsandstereotypes:
Arabsare“inflammable”maycauseU.S.studentstokeeptheirdistance.
(5)Tendencetoevaluate:
toapproveordisapprove,tostatementsandactionsofotherpersonorgroup.
(6)Highanxiety/tension.
U2:
1.Whatisculture?
Cultureisaveryextensiveconcept,itisverydifficulttodefineitstrictlyandaccurately,becausecultureinvolvestoomuch.Cultureisacomplexsystemofbehavior,values,beliefs,traditionsandartifacts,whichistransmittedthroughgenerations.
Whatarethefivebasicneedsforhumanbeings?
(1)physiologicalneeds(thingsthatmakeusalive,foodwaterair)
(2)safetyneeds(physicalsafeandpsychologicalllysecure)
(3)belongingnessneeds(needstobeacceptedbyothersandtobelongtoagroup)
(4)esteemneeds(recognition,reputation,selfrespect)
(5)self-actualizationneeds(actualizeonselfandtoreachone’sfullpotential)
2.Whatarevalues,attitudes,beliefsandbehaviors?
Howaretheylinked?
(1)Valuesarewhatpeoplegotowaroverorconductbussinessby.Valuestellushowtoweightheworthofsomething,theycanindicatearelativehierarchy.
(2)Attitudesarefeelingsaboutthings.itisatendencytorespondthesamewaytothesameobjectorsituationoridea.Attitudesislearnedandcanchange.
(3)Beliefsareconvictionsorcertaintiesbasedonsubjectiveandoftenpersonalideasratherthanonprooforfact.
(4)Links:
valuesunderlieattitudesandalsoshapebeliefs.Attitudesarebasedonbeliefsaswellasvalues.valuesenableustoevaluatewhatmatterstousorapplystandarstoourattitudesandbeliefs.value→belief→attitude.Forexample,youhaveanattitudetowardeatingrawfish,whichispositiveandisbasedonthebeliefthatexpertprepararionofsushiandsashimibyJapanesechefsresultsinculinarydelicacies,oryouhaveanattitudethatisnegative,basedonthebeliefthatrawfishcancontainparasitesthatcauseunpleasantconsequencesinthehumandigestivesystem.Youcanevenhavebothattitudesatthesametime.ifyoudo,thenprobablyyouvaluebothfineeatingexperiencesandphysicalhealth.
3.Whataretheelementsofcommunication?
1context:
physicalsetting,psychological,historical,culture,thecommunicationnorms
2participants:
senderswhoformmessagesandcommunicatewithsymbols,receiverswhoprocessandreactthemassages.
3Massages:
meanings,symbols,encodingsanddecodings
4Channels:
avarietyofsensorychannels
5Noise;internalexternalandsemanticnoise.
6Feedback:
theverbalandnonverbalresponses
4.Whatarenorms?
Normsaretheguildelinesthatweestablishforconductingtransactions.Normstelluswhatkindsofmessagesandbehaviorareproperinagivencontextorwithaparticularpersonorgroupofpeople.Peopleacquirecommunicationnormsfromtheirexperiencesinlife.
5.Whatisthedifferencebetweenencodinganddecoding?
Encodingistheprocessoftransformingideasandfeelingsintosymbolsandorganizingthem.Decodingistheprocessoftansforminfmeeagesbackeintoideasandfeelings.
TransformingandorganizingTransformingandintepreting
ideasandfeelings--------------------→symbols/massages------------→ideasandfeelings
↓↓
Encodingdecoding
6.Whatisthedifferencebetweenexternalnoise,internalnoiseandsemanticnoise?
externalnoise:
Sightsandsoundsandotherstimuliintheenvironmentthatdrawpeople’sattentionawayfromintendedmeaning.
internalnoise:
Thoughtsandfeelingsthatinterferewiththecommunicationprocess.Feelingsofangeroranxiety,stereotypeorprejudiceinyourmind.
semanticnoise:
themeaningsweassigntowordsdependonourownexperience,otherpeoplemayattimesdecodeawordorphasesdifferentlyfromthewayweintend.
7.Whatiscommunication?
Communicationisaprocessinvolvingtheexchangeofmessagesandthecreationofmeaning.
U3:
1.Whatarethefivebasicquestionsattherootofanyculture’svaluesystem?
(1)whatisthecharacterofinnatehumannature?
-----humannature
(2)whatistherelationofmantonature?
------therelationshipofmantonature.
(3)Whatisthetemporalfocusofhumanlife?
----senseoftime/timeorientation.
(4)Whatisthemodeofhumanactivity?
-------activityorientation.
(5)Whatisthemodeofhumanrelationships?
----socialrelationships
2.WhatarethekeyprinciplesofConfucianism?
(1)socialorderandstabilityarebasedonuneqalrelationshipsbetweenpeople
includingleadersandfollowers,fatherandson,husbandandwife,olderbrotherandyoungerbrother,andfriends.
(2)family:
followrulesforordering
(3)propersocialbehaviorconsistsofnottreatingothersasyouwouldnotliketobetreatedyouself.,learntobesensitivetoother’sfeels(子所不欲勿施于人)
(4)peopleshouldbeskilled,educatedhardworking,thrifty,modest,patientandpersevering.
3.Howdolivingsituationsaccountforvaluedifferencesbetweendifferentcultures?
Forexample,Japaneseliveinalittleofarableland,evenmainlyvalcanoes.thus,theybuilttheirhomestogetherverycloselyinordertomakeuseofeveryavailablelandandtheycanworktogetherinplantingandharvestingofriceeffectively.Inthissituation,japanenes’centralsocialvaluebecauseoflivingcloseproximitythatgaveverylittleprivacywasthatanidividualdoesnotmatter.However,intheU.S.itiscommontoseeapatternofasinglefarmhousesurroundedbyfirelds.thenearnestneighborwasperhaphstwomilesdistant.inevitably,thecentralsocialvalueswereself-relianceandindependence.
4.Whatareculturalvalues?
Thecommonlyheldstandardsofwhatisacceptableorunacceptable,importantorunimportant,rightorwrong,goodorbad,trueorfalse,workableorunworkable,etc.,inacommunityorsociety.
Valuesrepresentalearnedorganizationofrulesformakingchoicesandforresolvingtheconflicts.
5.Whatarethefivedimensionstoconsiderwhendoingstudiesofculturaldifferences(culturevalue)?
(1)Idividualismversuscollectivism(involvespeople’srelationshipstothelargersocialgroups;socialrelationship)
Idividualism;keywordsincludeindependence,privacy,self,andallimportantI
Collectivismbelieveinobligationstothegroup,weconscioucenessandanemphasisonbelonging.
(2)uncertaintyavoidance(howtoadapttochangesandcopewithuncertainties,)
Greece(planeverything0versusSingapore(likeuncertainty)
(3)powerdistance(allpeopleinaculturedonothaveequalslevelsofstatusorsocialpower.)MalaysiaversusNewZealand
(4)masculinityversusfemininity(workhardertogetachievement,wealthversuscaringfortheothersandthequatityoflife)JapanversusThailand
(5)orientationtotime(along-termorientationscheduleforworkandlifeversusashort-termorientationtowardchangingevents)
6.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenahigh-contextcultureandalow-contextone?
Low-contextinteractionemphasizesdirecttalk,person-orientedfocus,self-enhancementmode,andtheimportanceof“talk”:
high-contextinteraction,incontraststressesindirecttalk,status-orientedfocus,self-esffacementmode,andtheimportanceofnonverbalsignalsandevensilence.
U4:
1.Whatistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture?
Cultureandlanguageareinterwinedandshapedeachother.Eachtimeweselectwords,formsentence,andsendamessage,eitheroralorwritten,wealsomakeculturalchoices.Culturalliteracy(特定领域的能力或知识)isnecessarytounderstandthelanguagebeingused.
(1)alllanguageshavesocialquestionsandinformationquestions.
Forexemple:
inAmeircaEnglish,thequestion“Howareyou”isasocialquestion,theAmericansregisterthephraseas“hello”.ButinGermanyandRussia,thephaseisanimformationqustion.thespeakeratuallywantstogetananswertoit.
(2)languagereflectstheenvironmentinwhichwelive.
Forexemple,intheAmazonareasnowisnotpartoftheenvironment.Therefore,peopleinthatregiondonothaveawordforsnow.however,mostAmericans,wholiveanenvironmentwhereIitsnowsmostmonthsoftheyear,usetermssuchassnow,sleet,slush,blizzardandice.
(3)languagereflectsculturalvalues.awayofthinking.
whenwetranslateconceptsfromaforeignlanguageandculturalwithwords,wehavetochoosetheprioritywordsinodertocommunicateeffectively.Culturalkowledgeisimpotantaslinguisticknowledge.
Forexample,Ameriansarefrustratedwiththemananamentality(西班牙语的明天心态)ofSpanish-speakingcountries:
forAmericantomorrowmeansmidnighttomidnight,averyprecisetimeperiod,ToMexicans,mananameansinthefuture,soon.
(4