civil engineering 土木工程概论英文课件chapter four.docx

civil engineering 土木工程概论英文课件chapter four.docx

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civilengineering土木工程概论英文课件chapterfour

CH

4.2CompositionandFunctionofBuilding

Abuildingiscomposedofmanyelements.Forexample,takethehouseinFig.4.1,whichincludesfoundations,wallsorcolumns,floors,roofs,staircases,doors,windows,balconies,etc.Theycanbeclassifiedintotwoparts:

enclosingstructuresandload-bearingstructures.

Fig.4.1Compositionofadwellingbuildingdwelling（housingthatsomeoneislivingin）

4.2.1EnclosingStructuresEnclosing（theactofenclosingsomethinginsidesomethingelse）

Thefunctionofabuildingisachievedbymeansofenclosingstructuresthatmakethebuildingenclosedandstopwind,rainandsnowin,butletsunlightandfreshairintothebuilding,allowingpeopletoliveorworkbothsafelyandcomfortably.Walls,doors,windows,eaves屋檐；凸出的边缘theoverhangattheloweredgeofaroof,parapets栏杆；扶手；矮护墙alowwallalongtheedgeofarooforbalconyandcanopies天篷；华盖；遮篷；苍穹theumbrellalikepartofaparachutethatfillswithairbelongtotheenclosingstructures,

4.2.2Load-BearingStructures

∙AsshowninFig.4.2,abuildingissubjectedtotheweightfromitselfandtheforcefromthenaturesuchastheweightsofpeople,furniture,equipmentandstructuralmaterials,snow,wind,earthquakeforceandsoon,whicharealltermedawordorexpressionusedforsomeparticularthingloads.Thestructuresthatareabletobeartheseloadsandtransferthemtootherpartsinthebuildingarereferredtoload-bearingstructures.Thesystemwhichiscomposedofload-bearingstructuresiscalledstructuralsystem结构系统；构造/结构体系,whichcomprisesavarietyofstructuralmemberssuchasbeams,slabs平板；厚片,columns,rooftrusses,bearingwalls,andfoundations,etc.Loadsonabuildingaretransferredfromtoptobottom.

（1）Foundation.Thefoundationisthelowestpartofabuilding,whereasthesoilunderthefoundationistermedgroundbasethatdoesnotbelongtothepartofthebuilding.Thefoundationsustainsallloadsofthebuildingandthentransfersthemtothegroundbase.

Walls.Wallscanbedividedintoexteriorwallsandinteriorwallsbasedontheirpositions,asshowninstructuresthatinsulateroomsinthebuildingagainstwind?

rain,heatandsound.Thefunctionoftheinteriorwallsistodividethespaceineachfloorintosomeindividualrooms,besidesheatandsoundinsulatioaThewallsarrangedalongthebrachy-axisandthemacro-axisofabuildingarecalledtransverse（orcross）andlongitudinalwallsrespectively.Theexteriorcrosswallisusuallytermedagablewall.

Fig,4.3.Theexteriorwallsareoutsideenclosing

Fig.4.3Descriptionofwalls

∙Wallscanalsobeclassifiedintobearingwallsandnon-bearingwallsaccordingtodifferentstructuralbehaviour.Awallusedtosupportanyloadfromtheroofortheupperflooriscalledthebearingwall.Otherwallsarecallednon-bearingwalls.Wallssuchaspartitionwalls,fillerwallsandcurtainwallsareexamplesofnon-bearingwallsThewallsusedtofilltheareasbetweencolumnsofframestructuresarereferredtoasfillerwallsCurtainwallsareanykindoflightweightexteriorwalls,i.e.glasscurtainwalls玻璃幕墙,whicharesuspendedonskeletonstructures骨架构造orfloorslabsWallscanbemadeofdifferentmaterialslikebrick,stone,earth,concreteandsoon.

（3）Floor.Afloorisastructuralmemberarrangedhorizontally,whichseparatesthespacebetweentwostories.Itisrequiredthatthefloornotonlycancarrybothverticalandhorizontalloads,butalsocanprovidesoundinsulation隔音；隔音材料；声绝缘,fireproofingandwaterproofing.Spacealsoneedstobeleftinsidethefloorfortheinstallingducts管道（duct的复数）；通风管道ofwater,gas,ventilation通风设备；空气流通theactofsupplyingfreshairandgettingridoffoulair,andelectricortelephonewires•etc.Thematerialsformakingfloorsareusuallytimber,reinforcedconcreteandsteel-concretecompositeasshowninFig.4.4,Reinforcedconcretefloorsareusedwidelyduetotheirgoodadvantagesinstrength,rigidity,enduranceandfireproofing.

（4）Roof.Thetoppartofabuildingistermedtheroof.Itisnotonlytheenclosingstructurekeepingthespacebelowtheroofinagoodconditionwithouttheattacksofwind,rainandsnow,butalsotheload-bearingstructuresupportingitselfweightandvariousliveloads.Abuildingcanbedesignedwithdifferenttypesofroofsthatshouldbeinharmonywiththewholearchitecturalstyle,function,

Fig.4.4TypesofFloorBoards（a）Timberfloor;（b）Reinforcedconcretefloor;（c）Compositesteel-concretefloor

Fig.4.5AppearanceofRoofs（a）pitchedroofs;（b）curvedroofs

structuralsystemandcoveringmaterialontheroofofthebuilding.Flat,pitched斜的；人字形的andcurvedhavingormarkedbyacurveorsmoothlyroundedbendroofsarethreetypesofroofsandFigure4.5showsthelattertwotypes.Everyroofofabuildingneedstobeconstructedwithacertainslopetodischargetherainwaterontheroof.Sotheflatroofisreferredtoastheroofwithaslopelessthanorequalto10%.

（2）Staircase.Thetransportationofpeoplefromonefloortoanotherinabuildingisrealizedthroughstaircases.Besidesstaircases,elevatorsandescalatorsareverticaltransportationequipment,too.Elevatorsareusuallyusedinabuildingwithmanyfloorsorwhentheyareneededforspecialuse.Escalatorsareoftenusedinlarge-scalepublicbuildingssuchastrainstations,airportterminals,shoppingcenters,etc.,wherealargenumberofpeopleneedtogoupanddown.Staircasesarethemostbasicandeconomicaldailytransportationequipment.Theyarealsousedforevacuatingpeopleinemergencystructures.Staircasesarethereforestillnecessaryforbuildingswhereelevatorsorescalatorshavebeeninstalled.Timber,brick•reinforcedconcreteandsteelaresomecommonmaterialsformakingstaircases.

Windows&Doors.Bothwindowsanddoorsaretwokindsofenclosingstructuresinabuilding.Thefunctionofwindowsistoallowlightandairtogetinandpeopletoseeout.Doorsusedforpeopletogetinandoutbetweentwoseparatedrooms.Atthesametime,doorshavethefunctionofdaylightingandventilationlikewindows.Underdifferentserviceconditions,windowsanddoorsshouldservethefunctionofheatorsoundinsulationandwater,fire,dustorburglary盗窃，夜盗enteringabuildingunlawfullywithintenttocommitafelonyortostealvaluablepropertyprevention.Bothwindowsanddoorscanbemadeusuallyusingwood,aluminum,plasticorsteel.Theycanbeopenedinmanyway'sshowninFig.4.6andFig.4.7.

Fig.4.6WayofOpeningWindows

Fig.4.7WayofOpeningDoors

∙（7）Balcony.Abalconyisaplatformbuiltontheupstairsoutsidethewallofabuilding,withawallorrailaroundit.Peoplecangetoutontoabalconyfromanupstairsroomandenjoytheoutsidevieworsitbaskinginthewarmsunshine.AbalconymaybearrangedasshowninFig.4.8,wherethetwobalconiesarecalledcantilevered悬臂式的cantileverbeam悬臂梁

cantilevercrane悬臂吊车

adj.悬臂式的

overhung

balconyandrecessed嵌壁式的；深底的havingasunkenareaverandarespectively.

4.3ClassificationofBuildings

Fig.4.8TypesofBalconies（a）cantilevered;（b）recessed

Therearevariouskindsofbuildingsintheworld.Theyareoftenclassifybasedonacertaincriterion.Theaimofclassificationistoinvestigatethefeatureandbehaviourofeachtypeofbuildingandthentoestablishstandardsandspecificationsforthedesignandconstructionofthebuilding.

Allbuildingsmaybeclassifiedasproductionbuildingsandcivilbuildingsaccordingtotheirfunctions.Theproductionbuildingsmaybesubclassedasindustrybuildingsandbuildingsforagricultureandanimalhusbandry畜牧业；畜牧学breedingandcaringforfarmanimalsandthecivilbuildingsmayalsobesubclassedasresidentialbuildingsandpublicbuildings

Industrybuildingsarereferredtoasfactorybuildingsformanufacturinggoodsandauxiliaryfunctioninginasubsidiaryorsupportingcapacitybuildingslikestorehouses,garages,mendingworkshopsaswellTomeettheneedsofproductionprocess,mostlightfactorybuildingsmaybedesignedwithmulti-storeys,whereasheavyfactorybuildingsareusuallycharacterizedbysinglestoreyandlargespan.Agricultureandanimalhusbandrybuildingsmeanthebuildingssuchasstorehousesofcrops,livestock牲畜；家畜notusedtechnically;anyanimalskeptforuseorprofitstalls,grainprocessing粮食加工；谷粒加工plants,tractorstationsandgreenhouses,etc.Residentialbuildingsareaboutanytypesofbuildingsforfamiliesoragroupofpeopletolive,includinghouses,apartmentsanddormitories.Publicbuildingsareplaceswherepeopleperformavarietyofactivitiesconcernedwithpolicy,diplomacy,economy,science,technology,culture,sportsandsoon.Theyplayasignificantroleinacity,whichrepresentsthecityimageandreflectsthelivingandculturalqualitiesofpeople.Therearemanytypesandcomplicatedfunctionsforpublicbuildings.Forexample,therearemanydifferencesinarchitecturalstyle,spaceandfunctionamongschools,hospitals,hotels,theaters,museums,libraries,railwaystations,stadiums,etc.Theplanninganddesignofpublicbuildingshavemuchtodowiththeconditionsofeconomy,scienceandtechnologyaswellastheaestheticstandardofthetimes.

Buildingscanbeconstructedusingdifferentmaterialssothattheyareoftenclassifiedasbuildingswithwoodstructures,masonrystructures,reinforcedconcretestructuresandsteelstructures.Buildingscanbealsobeclassifiedbasedontheirnumberofstoreys.Forexample,theresidentialbuildingswitharangeof1to3storeys,4to6storeys,7to9storeysand10to30storeysaredefinedaslow-risebuildings,mid-risebuildings,mid-high-risebu