剑桥Cambridge雅思IELTS剑10Test2Passage2Giftedchildrenandlearning天才儿童和学习解析.docx
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剑桥Cambridge雅思IELTS剑10Test2Passage2Giftedchildrenandlearning天才儿童和学习解析
剑10T2Passage2
2016年12月11日
20:
43
Giftedchildrenandlearning天才儿童和学习
A Internationally,‘giftedness’ismostfrequentlydeterminedbyascoreonageneralintelligencetest,knownasanIQtest,whichisaboveachosencutoffpoint,usuallyataroundthetop2-5%.国际上,“天才”最常规的被确定的方式是通过generalintelligencetest的分数,也就是公认的IQtest,“天才”是选择超过(scoreofIQtest)一个临界点,通常大约是最高的2-5%。
key:
determine[dɪˈtɜ:
mɪn]vt.&vi.(使)下决心,(使)做出决定;vt.决定,确定;determineda.毅然的、确定的;cutoffpoint截止点、临界点
主句:
‘giftedness’isdeterminedby…
which引导IQtest的非限制性定语从句
Children’seducationalenvironmentcontributestotheIQscoreandthewayintelligenceisused.孩子的教育环境会对IQscore很有贡献,同时thewayintelligenceisused.
Forexample,averyclosepositiverelationshipwasfoundwhenchildren’sIQscoreswerecomparedwiththeirhomeeducationalprovision(Freeman,2010).例如,当把孩子的IQscores和家庭教育情况做比较时,一个紧密正相关被发现(Freeman,2010)。
(直译)
key:
closepositiverelationship正相关;educationalprovision教育供给、教育环境;provisionn.v规定、条款、准备、供应;provisionaladj.暂时的,临时的;暂定的;n.临时性;临时人员;
AbeencomparedwithB.
Thehigherthechildren’sIQscores,especiallyoverIQ130,thebetterthequalityoftheireducationalbackup,measuredintermsofreportedverbalinteractionswithparents,numberofbooksandactivitiesintheirhomeetc.通过报告的测量/研究,高智商的孩子特别是IQ超过130的孩子,同时也有高质量的教育背景,被指出的有在他们家中和父母交流、读书和活动的数量等等。
key:
intermsof在…方面;verbala.动词的、言语的;interactioninter+action
BecauseIQtestsaredecidedlyinfluencedbywhatthechildhaslearned,theyaretosomeextentmeasuresofcurrentachievementbasedonage-norms;thatis,howwellthechildrenhavelearnedtomanipulatetheirknowledgeandknow-howwithinthetermsofthetest.因为IQTest受到孩子学习什么的影响,这是正常年龄孩子的成就标准的扩大的测试;这也就是说,孩子们多大程度上学习了操作他们的知识,记忆在测试项目中知道如何去操作说。
key:
howwell多大程度上;manipulatevt.操作,处理;巧妙地控制;操纵;
Thevocabularyaspect,forexample,isdependentonhavingheardthosewords.ButIQtestscanneitheridentifytheprocessesoflearningandthinkingnorpredictcreativity.比如,在词汇量方面,是依靠他们之前听过的那些单词。
但是IQtest既不能识别出学习和思考的过程,也不能识别创造力。
Key:
predict;creativity
B Excellencedoesnotemergewithoutappropriatehelp.在缺少合适帮助下,卓越是不能显现的。
key:
emerge[iˈmɜ:
dʒ]vi.出现,浮现;暴露;摆脱;appropriate
Toreachanexceptionallyhighstandardinanyareaveryablechildrenneedthemeanstolearn,whichincludesmaterialtoworkwithandfocusedchallengingtuition-andtheencouragementtofollowtheirdream.为了在任何一个领域达到一个异常的高标准成就,孩子需要学习的方法,包括学习的材料和专注有挑战的指导,还有鼓励他们追求他们的梦想。
key:
except—exception—exceptionala.独特的、杰出的;tuitionn.教学、教授、学费
Thereappearstobeaqualitativedifferenceinthewaytheintellectuallyhighlyablethink,comparedwithmoreaverage-abilityorolderpupils,forwhomexternalregulationbytheteacheroftencompensatesforlackofinternalregulation.高智力的儿童的思考方式和平均水平或是更大的孩子有着本质的不同,对于后者而言,来自老师的外部的管理常常弥补了他们对自己的管理不足。
key:
externalregulation&internalregulation;lackof…;compensate[ˈkɒmpenseɪt]vt.补偿,赔偿;报酬;抵消;vi.补偿,弥补;
whom引导对average-abilityorolderpupils的非限制性定语从句
Tobeattheirmosteffectiveintheirself-regulation,allchildrencanbehelpedtoidentifytheirownwaysoflearning–metacognition–whichwillincludestrategiesofplanning,monitoring,evaluation,andchoiceofwhattolearn.Emotionalawarenessisalsopartofmetacognition,sochildrenshouldbehelpedtobeawareoftheirfeelingsaroundtheareatobelearned,feelingsofcuriosityorconfidence,forexample.(这一段主要讲述学习方法/元认知包括的内容)
key:
Emotionalawareness情感意识
CHighachievershavebeenfoundtouseself-regulatorylearningstrategiesmoreoftenandmoreeffectivelythanlowerachievers,andarebetterabletotransferthesestrategiestodealwithunfamiliartasks.高成就者被发现自我调整的学习策略比低成就者更有效,同时能更好的利用这些策略处理不熟悉的任务。
Thishappenstosuchahighdegreeinsomechildrenthattheyappeartobedemonstratingtalentinparticularareas.
key:
demonstratevt.证明,证实;论证;显示,展示;演示,说明;vi.示威游行;
such…that…句式,so…that…
Overviewingresearchonthethinkingprocessofhighlyablechildren,(ShoreandKanevsky,1993)puttheinstructor’sproblemsuccinctly:
‘Ifthey[thegifted]merelythinkmorequickly,then.weneedonlyteachmorequickly.Iftheymerelymakefewererrors,thenwecanshortenthepractice’.回顾高能力孩子的思维过程,(ShoreandKanevsky,1993)留给教师的一个简单的问题:
“如果天才孩子仅仅是思考更快,那我们只需要教的更快;如果他们仅仅是很少犯错误,那我们只需要减少练习。
”
key:
succinctadj.简明的,简洁的;mere[mɪə(r)]adj.仅仅,只不过;
Butofcourse,thisisnotentirelythecase;adjustmentshavetobemadeinmethodsoflearningandteaching,totakeaccountofthemanywaysindividualsthink.但这当然不能囊括所有的案例,需要对教学方法做出调整,以考虑到个性化的思维方式。
key:
entire[ɪnˈtaɪə(r)]adj.全部的;整个的;全体的;takeaccount考虑到;individualadj.个人的;独特的;个别的;
DYetinordertolearnbythemselves,thegifteddoneedsomesupportfromtheirteachers.然而为了进行自主学习,有天赋的儿童需要一些来自其教师的支持。
Conversely,teacherswhohaveatendencyto‘overdirect’candiminishtheirgiftedpupils’learningautonomy.相反的,倾向于“过分指导”的教师会减少有天赋儿童的学习自主性。
key:
diminishv.减少、降低;autonomyn.自主、自治;
Although‘spoon-feeding’canproduceextremelyhighexaminationresults,thesearenotalwaysfollowedbyequallyimpressivelifesuccesses.Toomuchdependenceontheteachersriskslossofautonomyandmotivationtodiscover.(这一句主要讲填鸭式教学虽然可以提高成绩却…)
However,whenteacherstopupilstoreflectontheirownlearningandthinkingactivities,theyincreasetheirpupils’self-regulation.Forayoungchild,itmaybejustthesimplequestion‘Whathaveyoulearnedtoday?
’whichhelpsthemtorecognisewhattheyaredoing.(这一段主要讲另外一种教学方式…)
Giventhatafundamentalgoalofeducationistotransferthecontroloflearningfromteacherstopupils,improvingpupils’learningtolearntechniquesshouldbeamajoroutcomeoftheschoolexperience,especiallyforthehighlycompetent.教育的基础目标是将学习的控制从教师转移给学生,通过学习技巧提升孩子学习技巧特别是高能力应该是学校经历的主要成果,特别是高能力。
key:
competentadj.有能力的,能胜任的;能干的,称职的;足够的,充足的;有决定权的;
learningto不定式
Therearequiteanumberofnewmethodswhichcanhelp,suchaschild-initiatedlearning,ability-peertutoring,etc.Suchpracticeshavebeenfoundtobeparticularlyusefulforbrightchildrenfromdeprivedareas.有很多可以帮助孩子进行child-initiatedlearning,ability-peertutoring等的新方法。
这些方法是特别为缺少教育的地区的聪明孩子建立的。
key:
deprivevt.使丧失,剥夺;deprivedadj.缺少食物的;缺乏足够教育的
Which引导限制性定语从句,先行词为methods
E Butscientificprogressisnotalltheoretical,knowledgeisasovitaltooutstandingperformance:
individualswhoknowagreatdealaboutaspecificdomainwillachieveatahigherlevelthanthosewhodonot(Elshout,1995).但是,科学的进步不全部是理论性的,知识在出色的表现中是如此的关键:
在某一特殊领域内了解更多的特别的人比起那些不那么了解的有更高的成就(Elshout,1995)。
key:
outstandingperformance出色的表现;specificdomain特殊的领域;individualadj.个人的;独特的;个别的;n.个人;个体;
ResearchwithcreativescientistsbySimonton(1988)broughthimtotheconclusionthataboveacertainhighlevel,characteristicssuchasindependenceseemedtocontributemoretoreachingthehighestlevelsofexpertisethanintellectualskills,duetothegreatdemandsofeffortandtimeneededforlearningandpractice.Simonton(1988)的一项创新性的科学研究结论表明,在某些高水平方面,性格例如独立性似乎比智力技巧更有作用,因为伟大需要努力和时间进行学习和练习。
Creativityinallformscanbeseenasexpertisemixedwithahighlevelofmotivation(Weisberg,1993).所有形式的创新都可以被看成是高动机的混合的技术。
Key:
expertise[,ekspɜː'tiːz]n.专门知识;专门技术;专家的意见;experta.n.熟练的、专家;
FTosumup,learningisaffectedbyemotionsofboththeindividualandsignificantothers.总结一下,学习会受到个体和重要的其他情绪的影响。
Positiveemotionsfacilitatethecreativeaspectsofearningandnegativeemotionsinhibitit.Fear,forexample,canlimitthedevelopmentofcuriosity,whichisastrongforceinscientificadvance,becauseitmotivatesproblem-solvingbehaviour.积极情绪会促进学习的创造性而消极情绪会抑制创造力。
比如,害怕则会限制好奇心的发展,好奇心是科学进步的重要动力,因为它会促进问题解决的行为。
key:
facilitate[fəˈsɪlɪteɪt]vt.促进,助长;使容易;帮助;facilityn.设备;容易;能力;灵巧;
InBoekaerts’(1991)reviewofemotionthelearningofveryhighIQandhighlyachievingchildren,shefoundemotionalforcesinharness.Theywerenotonlycurious,butoftenhadastrongdesiretocontroltheirenvironment,improvetheirlearningefficiencyandincreasetheirownlearningresources.(这一段继续讲情绪的作用)
key:
harness[ˈhɑ:
nɪs]n.马具,挽具;背带;系带;vt.利用;给(马等)套轭具;控制;efficienta.有效率的;efficiencyn.效率
Questions14-17
ReadingPassage2hassixparagraphs,A-F.
Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?
Writethecorrectletter,A-F,inboxes14-17onyouranswersheet
NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.
14. areferencetotheinfluenceofthedomesticbackgroundonthegiftedchild
15. referencetowhatcanbelostiflearnersaregiventoomuchguidance
16. areferencetothedamagingeffectsofanxiety
17. examplesofclassroomtechniqueswhichfavoursocially-disadvantagedchildren
Questions18-22
Lookatthefollowingstatements(Questions18-22)andthelistofpeoplebelow.
Matcheachstatementwiththecorrectpersonorpeople,A-E.
Writethecorrectletter,A-E,inboxes18-22onyouranswersheet.
18. Lesstimecanbespentonexerciseswithgiftedpupilswhoproduceaccuratework.
19. Self-relianceisavaluabletoolthathelpsgiftedstudentsreachtheirgoals.
20. Giftedchildrenknowhowtochanneltheirfeelingstoassisttheirlearning.
21. Theverygiftedchildbenefitsfromappropriatesupportfromcloserelatives.
22. Reallysuccessfulstudentshavelearntaconsiderableamountabouttheirsubject.
ListofPeople
A Freeman
B ShoreandKanevsky
C Elshout
D Simonton
E Boekaerts
Questions6-26
Completethesentencesbelow.Choose NOMORETHANTWOWORDS fromthepassageforeachanswer.
Writeyouranswersinboxes23—26onyouranswersheet
23. Onestudyfoundastrongconnectionbetweenchildren’sIQandtheavailabilityof…………..and………..athome.
24. Childrenofaverageabilityseemtoneedmoredirectionfromteachersbecausetheydon