英语专四阅读训练1.docx
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英语专四阅读训练1
阅读技巧及应试策略
第1节常用阅读技巧及运用范例
阅读理解是一个复杂的感知和理解语言的过程,但这并不意味着其无章可循。
心理学、心理语言学、认知科学等学科的研究结果表明,理解的过程实际上就是我们将新信息与大脑中已有的认知结构相互匹配、相互作用的过程(被称为“解码”)。
阅读者将新信息与已知信息建立联系,进行判断、猜测、思考,最终达到理解的目的。
阅读者对相关的知识和经验掌握得越多,理解起来就会变得越轻松。
因此,阅读的过程实际上是一个形式上由细节到把握总体思想,内容上由总体思想指导理解细节的双向并行的处理过程,两者缺一不可。
与之相对应的阅读常用技巧与步骤即可分为浏览试题、略读(skimming)、扫读(scanning)以及回查等几种,下面分别加以介绍。
一、浏览试题以明确目标
在进行阅读之前,首先浏览短文后面的试题。
在看完SectionA选择题的题干和四个选项以及SectionB简答题的题干后,分析掌握每个试题考查的内容和题型(推理题、细节题、主旨题等),以便带着问题有目标地阅读短文,根据相应的解题技巧从中寻找正确答案,例如下面这道真题:
85.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage
A.Publicspeakingininternationalforums.B.Publicspeakingindailylifecontext.
C.Themanyusesofpublicspeaking.D.Therulesofpublicspeaking.
通过浏览此题,可以明显看出此题属于主旨题,需要考生重点关注短文的前几段中对主题的描述与说明,从而把握作者通篇所表达的观点和所持的态度。
TheartofpublicspeakingbeganinancientGreeceover2,000yearsago.Now,twitter,instantmessaging,e—mail,blogsandchatforumsofferrivalapproachestocommunication--butnonecanreplacetheroleofagreatspeech.
Thespokenwordcanhandlevariousvitalfunctions:
persuadingorinspiring,informing,payingtribute,entertaining,orsimplyintroducingsomeoneorsomethingoracceptingsomething.
Overthepastyear,thehumanvoicehashelpedguideUSovertheupsanddownsofwhatwascertainlyastormytime.
Persuasionisusedindealingwithorreconcilingdifferentpointsofview.WhentheleadersmetinCopenhageninDecember2009,persuasivewordsfromactivistsencouragedthemtocommitthemselvestofirmeraction.
Inspirationalspeechesconfronttheemotions.Theyfocusontopicsandmattersthatareclosetopeople’shearts.Duringwars,generalsusedinspiringspeechestopreparethetroopsforbattle.
Aspeechthatconveysknowledgeandenhancesunderstandingcaninformus.Theinformationmustbeclear,accurate,andexpressedinameaningfulandinterestingway.WhentheH1N1pandemic(流行病)wasannounced,theideaof“swineflu”(猪流感)scaredmanypeople.InformativespeechesfromWorldHealthOrganizationofficialshelpedpeopletokeeptheirpanicundercontrolsotheycouldtakesensibleprecautions.
Sadeventsarenevereasytodealwithbutaspeechthatpaystributetothelossofalovedoneandgivespraisefortheircontributioncanbecomforting.Madonna’sspeechaboutMichaelJackson,afterhisdeath,highlightedthefactthathewillcontinuetoliveonthroughhismusic.
It’snotonlyinworldforumswherepublicspeakingplaysanimportantrole.Itcanalsobesurprisinglyhelpfulinthecourseofourownlives.
Ifyou'retakingpartinadebateyouneedtopersuadethelistenersofthesoundnessofyourargument.Insports,athletesknowtheimportanceofapeptalk(鼓舞士气的讲话)beforeamatchtoinspireteammates.Youyourselfmaybeaskedtodoapresentationatcollegeorworktoinformtheothersaboutanareaofvitalimportance.
Onamorepersonallevel,afriendmaybeupsetandneedcomforting.Oryoumightbeaskedtointroduceaspeakeratafamilyeventortospeakatawedding,whereyourlanguagewillbeneededtomovepeopleormakethemlaugh.
Greatspeakingabilityisnotsomethingwe’rebornwith.EvenBarackObamaworkshardtoperfecteveryspeech.Forabrilliantspeech,therearerulesthatyoucanputtogooduse.Tolearnthoserolesyouhavetopracticeandlearnfromsomeoutstandingspeechesinthepast.
解题点拨:
在第一、二段提出本文主旨后,作者就逐一介绍publicspeaking的重要作用:
Persuasionisusedindealingwithorreconcilingdifferentpointsofview;Inspirationalspeechesconfronttheemotions;Aspeechthatconveysknowledgeandenhancesunderstandingcaninformus;Sadeventsarenevereasytodealwithbutaspeech…;Itcanalsobesurprisinglyhelpfulinthecourseofourownlives.由此可知,C能够概括全文主旨,故为正确答案。
二、通过略读(skimming)全文以掌握主旨
略读(skimming)又称“跳读”(readingandskipping)或“浏览”(glancing),是一种专门的、非常实用的快速阅读方法,其主要特征是有选择性地阅读,其目的有二:
一是以尽可能快的速度获取文章主旨大意或中心思想;二是辨识文体,掌握结构(如果是记叙文,就要了解故事发生的时间、地点、背景和人物活动等主要线索;如果是论述文,就要弄清文章的中心论点及论述内容)。
换句话说,略读要求读者有选择性地进行阅读,跳过某些细节,以抓住文章的大意,从而加快阅读速度。
其具体做法如下:
(1)利用印刷细节,如文章的标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、标点符号等,对文章进行预测,从而了解作者的思路、行文模式,以便把握住主旨、有关的细节及其相互间的关系。
(2)重点关注文章开头,力求抓住文章大意、文章背景、作者的写作风格、口吻或语气等。
(3)阅读段落的主题句和结论句。
抓住主题句,略去细节不读,以求提高速度=段落过长时可适当阅读其中某一到两行,以强化理解。
(4)注意转折词和序列词等起衔接作用的标志词。
下面以一篇英语阅读短文为例来说明略读的妙用:
以下文章只需阅读画线的部分即可,其余细节可略去不读。
Therearesuperstitionsattachedtonumbers;eventhoseancientGreeksbelievedthatallnumbersandtheirmultipleshadsomemysticalsignificance.
Thosenumbersbetween1and13wereinparticulartohaveapowerfulinfluenceovertheaffairsofmen.
Forexample,itiscommonlysaidthatluck,goodorbad,comesinthree:
ifanaccidenthappens,twomoreofthesamekindmaybeexpectsoonafterwards.Thearrivalofaletterwillbefollowedbytwootherswithinacertainperiod.
Anotherbeliefinvolvingthenumberthreehasitthatitisunluckytolightthreecigarettesfromtheonematch.Ifthishappens,thebadluckthatgoeswiththedeedfallsuponthepersonwhosecigarettewasthelasttobelit.Theill-omenlinkedtothelightingofthreethingsfromonematchorcandlegoesbacktoatleastthe17thcenturyandprobablyearlier.Itwasbelievedthatthreecandlesalightatthesametimewouldbesuretobringbadluck;one,two,orfour,werepermissible,butneverjustthree.
Sevenwasanothersignificantnumber,usuallyregardedasabringerofgoodluck.Theancientastrologersbelievedthattheuniversewasgovernedbysevenplants;studentsofShakespearewillrecallthatthelifeofmanwasdividedintosevenages.Sevenhorseshoesnailedtoahorsewillprotectitfromallevil.
Nineisusuallythoughtofasaluckynumberbecauseitistheproductofthreetimesthree.ItwasmuchusedbytheAnglo-Saxonsintheircharmsforhealing.
Anotherbeliefwasthatgreatchangesoccurredevery7thand9thofaman’slife.Consequently,theageof63(theproductofnineandseven)wasthoughttobeaveryperiloustimeforhim.Ifhesurvivedhis63rdyearhemighthopetolivetoaripeoldage.
Thirteen,aswewellknow,isregardedwithgreataweandfear.
Thecommonbeliefisthatthisderivesfromthefactthattherewere13peopleatChrist’sLastSupper.Thisbeingtheeveofhisbetrayal,itisnotdifficulttounderstandthesignificancegiventothenumberbytheearlyChristians.
Inmoderntimes13isanespeciallyunluckynumberofadinnerparty,forexample.Hotelswillavoidnumberingafloorthe13th;theprogressionisfrom12to14,andnoroomisgiventhenumber13.Manyhomeownerswilluse121/2insteadof13astheirhousenumber.
Yetoddlyenough,tobebornonthe13thofthemonthisnotregardedwithanyfearatall,whichjustshowshowirrationalweareinoursuperstitiousbeliefs.
解题点拨:
通过略读各段的主题句可知,本文主要讲诉数字与迷信。
全文为“总-分-总”结构,第一段指出中心议题“数字被赋予了迷信的含义”,下文各段举例说明一些数字的迷信含义,最后一段表明作者的态度。
文章后的题目为:
1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowinggroupsofnumberswillcertainlybringgoodlucktopeople
A.3and7B.3and9C.7and9D.3and13
解析:
选C。
通过略读第五、六段的开头句Sevenwasanothersignificantnumber,usuallyregardedasabringerofgoodluck.和Nineisusuallythoughtofasaluckynumber...便可得出正确答案为C。
2.Theillluckassociatedwith13issupposedtohaveitsoriginin.
A.legendB.religionC.popularbeliefD.certaincustoms
解析:
选B。
通过略读第八段的Thirteen,aswewellknow,isregardedwithgreataweandfear.和第九段的Thecommonbeliefisthatthisderivesfromthefactthattherewere13peopleatChrist’sLastSupper.便可得知B为正确答案。
3.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardspeople’ssuperstitiousbeliefs
A.Heismildlycritical.B.Heisstronglycritical.
C.Heisinfavorofthem.D.Hisattitudeisnotclear.
解析:
选A。
略读全文最后一段Yetoddlyenough,tobebornonthe13thofthemonthisnotregardedwithanyfearatall,whichjustshowshowirrationalweareinoursuperstitiousbeliefs.即可知,作者的态度为A。
3、通过扫读(scanning)定位以获取特定、关键信息
扫读(scanning)又称“寻读”或“查读”,同略读一样是一种快速阅读技巧。
它是一种从大量的资料中迅速查找某一个具体事实或某一个特定信息,如人物、事件、地点、数字等,而对其他不相关内容略去不读的快速阅读方法。
运用这种方法,读者就能在最短的时间内略过尽可能多的阅读材料,找到所需要的信息。
这种方法一般可应用于事实3细节题的查找中。
作为一种快速寻找信息的阅读技巧,扫读既要求速度,又要求准确。
具体地说,扫读带有明确的目的性,有针对性地选择问题的答案。
因此,可以把整段的文字直接映入大脑中,不必逐字逐句过目。
视线在阅读材料上掠过时,一旦发现相关的内容,就要稍作停留,将它记住或摘录下来,从而既保证扫读的速度,又做到准确无误。
扫读与略读不同。
略读时,读者事先对材料一无所知;而扫读则是读者在略读之后,根据已知的文章大意与结构,按照题目要求确定所需特定、关键信息的位置,从而找到正确答案。
例如,英语专业四级考试中曾出现过这样一道题:
Accordingtothepassage,“...springcleaningisadifficultnotionformodernfamiliestograsp”meansthatspringcleaning.
A.isnolongeraneasypracticetounderstand
B.isnolongerpartofmodernfamilylife
C.requiresmorefamilymemberstobeinvolved
D.callsformorecomplicatedskillsandknowledge
原文如下:
IknowwhenIknowwhenthesnowmeltsandthefirstrobins(知更鸟)cometocall,whenthelaughterofchildrenreturnstotheparksandplaygrounds,somethingwonderfulisabouttohappen.
Springcleaning.
I’lladmitspringcleaningisadifficultnotionformodernfamiliestograsp.Today’sbusyfamilieshardlyhavetimetoloadthedishwasher,muchlesscleanthedoormat.AskingthefamilytospendtheweekendcollectingwinterdogpilesfromthemeltingsnowinthebackyardislikeannouncingtherewillbenomoreWi-Fi.Itinterruptsthenaturalorder.
“Honey,whatsaywespendtheweekendbeatingtherugs,sortingthroughtheboxesinthebasementandpaintingourbedroomanicelemonyyellow”Isay.
“CanweatleastwaituntiltheNBAmatchesareover”myhusbandanswers.
ButItellmyfamily,springcleaningcan’twait.ThetemperaturehasrisenjustenoughtomeltsnowbutnotenoughforLittleLeaguepracticetostart.Someflowersarepeekingoutofthethawingground,butthereisnolawntoseed,norgardentotend.Newlywakenedfromourwinter’shibernation(冬眠),yetstillneedingextrablanketsatnight,weopenourwindowstothefirstfreshairfloatingonthebreezeandallofthenaturalworlddemanding“Awakeandbe