新编简明英语语言学教程笔记考试必备讲解.docx

新编简明英语语言学教程笔记考试必备讲解.docx

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新编简明英语语言学教程笔记考试必备讲解

ChapteroneIntroduction

一、定义

1.语言学Linguistics

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

2.普通语言学GeneralLinguistics

ThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.

3.语言language

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.识别特征DesignFeatures

Itreferstothedefiningpopertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.

语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性

Productivity多产性

Duality双重性

Displacement移位性

Culturaltransmission文化传递

⑴arbitrariness

Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.

P.Sthearbitrarynatureoflanguageisasignofsophisticationanditmakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions

⑵Productivity

Animalsarequitelimitedinthemessagestheyareabletosend.

⑶Duality

Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.

⑷Displacement

Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.

⑸Culturaltransmission

Humancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,butwehavetobetaughtandlearnedthedetailsofanylanguagesystem.thisshowedthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.notbyinstinct.animalsarebornwiththecapacitytoproducethesetofcallspeculiartotheirspecies.

5.语言能力Competence

Competenceistheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.

6.语言运用performance

Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。

7.历时语言学Diachroniclinguistics

Thestudyoflanguagechangethroughtime.adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.

8.共时语言学Synchronicallinguistics

Thestudyofagivenlanguageatagiventime.

9.语言langue

Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.

10.言语parole

Therealizationoflangueinactualuse.

11.规定性Prescriptive

Itaimstolaydownrulesfor”correct”behavior,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhatshouldnotsay.

12.描述性Descriptive

Alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.

二、知识点

1.languageisnotanisolatedphenomenon,it’sasocialactivitycarriedoutinacertainsocialenvironmentbyhumanbeings.

语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。

提出了语言的识别特征designfeatures

3.theword’language’precededbythezero-article,itimpliesthatlinguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage.

Language一词前不加冠词说明语言学家不只研究一种特定的语言。

最先引起语言学家注意的是语言的发音。

三、问答题

1.whataremajorbranchesoflinguistics?

whatdoeseachstudy?

Phonetics----it’sdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,it’sconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.

Phonology---thestudyofsoundssystems—theinventoryofdistinctivesoundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternsintowhichtheyfall.

Morphology---It’sabranchofagrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

Syntax-------it'sasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureofalanguage.

Semantics---It’ssimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginabstraction.

Pragmatics---thestudyofmeaningincontextofwords.

Sociolinguistics—thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety.

Psycholinguistics---thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofthemind.

Appliedlinguistics---theapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning.

2.whydowesaylanguageisarbitrary?

Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenthesoundsthatpeopleuseandtheobjectstowhichthesesoundsrefer.

Thefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage,it’sonlyourtacitagreementofutteranceandconceptatworkandnotanyinnaterelationshipboundupintheutterance.

Atypicalexampletoillustratethe‘arbitrariness’oflanguageis‘arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet’.

3.whatmakesmodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?

Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive,itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticandmainlyspokenlanguagedate.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。

traditionalgrammarisprescriptive.itisbasedon’high’writtenlanguage.

传统语法是规定性的，研究‘高级’书面语。

4.Ismodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachronic?

why

Modernlinguisticsismainlysynchronic,focusingonthepresent-daylanguage.unlessthevariousstatesofalanguagearesuccessfullystudied,itwillnotbepossibletodescribelanguagefromadiachronicpointofview.

现代语言学主要是共时性的，重点研究现代语言。

除非对语言的各种状态都进行成功的研究，否则很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。

5.whichenjoyspriorityinmodernlinguistics,speechorwritings?

Speechenjoysforthefollowingreasons:

⑴Speechprecedeswritingintermsofevolution.

⑵Alargeamountofcommunicationiscarriedoutinspeechthaninwriting.

⑶speechistheforminwhichinfantsacquiretheirnativelanguage.

6.howisSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilartoChomsky’s?

BothSaussureandChomskymakethedistinctionbetweentheabstractlanguagesystemandtheactualuseoflanguage.theirpurposeistosingleoutthelanguagesystemforseriousstudy

TwolinguistsideadifferinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguage,Chomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofview,competenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.

6.thedistinctionbetweenlangueandparole?

⑴langueisabstract,relativelystable⑵paroleisconcrete,variesfrompersontoperson,fromsituationtosituation.

1/Whatislinguistics?

什么是语言学？

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.

2/Thescopeoflinguistics

语言学的研究范畴

Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.（普通语言学）

Thestudyofsounds,whichareusedinlinguisticcommunication,iscalledphonetics.（语音学）

Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.（音系学）

Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsarecalledmorphology.（形态学）

Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax（句法学）

Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.（语义学）

Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.（语用学）

Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsocio-linguistics.（社会语言学）

Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofmindiscalledpsycho-linguistics.（心理语言学）

Thestudyofapplications（astherecoveryofspeechability）isgenerallyknownasappliedlinguistics.（应用语言学）Butinanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguage.

Otherrelatedbranchesincludeanthropologicallinguistics,（人类语言学）neurologicallinguistics,（神经语言学）mathematicallinguistics,（数字语言学）andcomputationallinguistics.（计算机语言学）

3/Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics

语言学研究中的几对基本概念

ChapterTwoPhonology

一、定义

1.宽式音标Broadtranscription

Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithlettersymbolsonly.

2.窄式音标Narrowtranscription

Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithletterssymbolsandthediacritics.

3.清音Voiceless

Whenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarecalledvoicelesssounds.

4.浊音Voicing

Soundsproducedwhilethevocalcordsarevibratingarecalledvoicedsounds.

5.元音Vowel

Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichnoarticulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandtheairstreampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstructionarecalledvowels.

6.辅音Consonants

Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltractarecalledconsonants.

7.音位Phoneme

Thebasicunitinphonology,it’sacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.

8.音位变体Allophones

Differentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.

9.音素phone

Aphoneticunitorsegment.itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning,it’saspeechsoundweusewhenspeakingalanguage.

10.最小对立对Minimalpair

Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.

11.超切分特征Suprasegmental

Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.themainsuprasegmentalfeaturesincludestress,intonationandtone.

12.互补分布complementarydistributionP35

Twoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.

13.语言的语音媒介Phonicmediumoflanguage

Thelimitedrangeofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunicationandareofinteresttolinguisticstudiesarethephonicmediumoflanguage.

在人类交际中有着一定意义、对语言学研究来说举足轻重。

有限的声音是语音媒介。

14.爆破音stops

Whenaobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledastoporaplosive.

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二、知识点

1.statisticsresultingfromcarefulinvestigationsshowthattherehavebeenover5,000languagesintheworld,abouttwothirdsofwhichhavenothadwrittenform.

2.ofthetwomediaoflanguage,speechismorebasicthanwriting.

3.Phonetic组成

⑴Articulatoryphonetics发音语音学longestestablished,mostlydeveloped