浪漫主义.docx

浪漫主义.docx

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浪漫主义

Chapter3TheRomanticPeriod（1798-1832）

1.1TheName

Romanticmovementderivesitsnamefromanewappreciationofthemedievalromance.

1.2DurationofEnglishRomanticism

Beginningtime:

1798markedbythepublicationofLyricalBalladsbyWordsworthandColeridge.

Endingtime:

1832markedbythedeathofScottandthepassageofthefirstReformBill.

2.1TheFrenchRevolutionJuly14,1789FalloftheBastille:

|Theheavily-exploitedParisianpeopleroseandstormedtheBastille,thesymboloffeudalism.Therevolutiondestroyedthefeudaleconomicbase.

|Fightingfor“Liberty,EqualityandFraternity”alsobecomesBritishnationalspirit.

2.2TheIndustrialRevolution

|thesocial,economicandtechnologicalchangesin18thand19thcenturyGreatBritainthatstartedwiththeintroductionofsteampowerandpoweredmachinery

|Inthe19thCenturyitspreadthroughoutWesternEuropeandNorthAmerica,eventuallyimpactingtherestoftheworld.

Consequences:

|Anewclass:

proletariat

|Workers’struggle:

TheLudditesor“frame-breakers”

|IndustrialBourgeoisie:

becametherulingclass

3.CulturalBackground:

thinkers

Theacutestrugglewasalsoreflectedinthepoliticalwritingsoftheday.

AndsomeofthegreatimaginativewritingsinEnglishliteraturesprangfromtheconfrontationofradicalsandconservativesduringthisperiod.

|Rousseau（1712-1778）让-雅克·卢梭

|--rejecttheworshipofnature--civilizedmanshouldreturntonature,toaprimitivestateoflife

|EdmundBurke埃德蒙·伯克（1729-1797）

publishedhisReflectionsontheRevolutioninFrance（1790）asacrusadeagainstsuchradicalrevolutions

|ThomasPaine（1737-1809）TheRightsofMan（1791）

|--justifytheradicalactionsoftheFrenchpeopleinrevolution

|WilliamGodwin’sInquiryConcerningPoliticalJustice（1793）againsttheinjustice,economicsystemandtheoppressionofthepoor.

|MaryWollstonecrafturgedtheequalrightsforwomeninherAVindicationoftheRightofWoman（1792）.（theearliestexpositionoffeminism）

4.Romanticism

|4.1DefinitionAnartisticandintellectualmovementofthelate18thandearly19thcenturiesinWesternEuropethatrejectedtherulesoforder,balance,andrationalitythattypifiedClassicismandNeoclassicism,andreactedagainsttheEnlightenmentand18th-centuryrationalism.Romanticismemphasizedtheindividual,theirrational,theimaginative,thespontaneousandtheemotional.

|4.2RomanticisminEngland（1798-1832）:

TherehavebeenmanyvarietiesofRomanticisminmanydifferenttimesandplaces.EnglishRomanticism,asahistoricalphaseofliterature,isgenerallysaidtohavebegunin1798withthepublicationofWordsworthandColeridge'sLyricalBalladsandtohaveendedin1832withSirWalterScott'sdeathandthepassageofthefirstReformBillintheParliament.

|Wordsworth’s“Preface”tothesecondedition（1800）ofLyricalBallads（抒情歌谣集）,inwhichhedescribedpoetryas“thespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings,”becamethemanifestooftheEnglishRomanticmovementinpoetry.

|ManyoftheideasofEnglishRomanticismwerefirstexpressedbythepoetsWilliamWordsworthandSamuelColeridge.

4.3CompareandContrast

|Theneoclassicliterature:

associatedwithorder,commonsenseandcontrolledreason；portrayedaworldofbalance,harmony

|Romanticliterature:

theromanticistspaidgreatattentiontothespiritualandemotionallifeofman.Naturealsoplaysanimportantroleintheirlife;associatedwithvitality,powerfulemotionanddreamlikeideas

CompareandContrast

Neoclassicism

Romanticism

Reason,order,elegantwit

Passion,emotion,naturalbeauty

Convention,tyranny

Humanprogressandimprovement

Therightsanddignityoftheindividual

Thefreedomtoexpresspersonalfeeling

Theelevatedsentiments,therich,theartificial

Spontaneousfeeling,therustic,innature

Thearistocraticsociety

Therisingmiddleclass

4.4CharacteristicsofRomanticism

|Anincreasedappreciationofthebeautyandpowerofnatureandareturntonatureforimaginationandguidance;shiftedtheiremphasisfromreasonandintellecttoemotion.（e.g.:

Enlightenersregardpoetryasanartgovernedbyrules.Romanticiststhinkthatartshouldbefreefromallrules.）

|Anemphasisupontheindividual,thesubjective,theimaginative,thespontaneous,theemotional;Enthusiasmfortheexotic,themysterious,thewild,theirregular,orthegrotesqueinnatureandart;

|Aheightenedexaminationofhumanpersonalityandmentalpotentialitiesasopposedtoasearchforauniversaltruth;

|Apreoccupationwiththegenius,thehero,andtheexceptionalfigureingeneral;

|Poetrydoesnotsomuch“delightandteach”ashelpthereaderundergoaspiritualexperience

|Abandonmentoftheheroiccoupletinfavourofblankverse,thesonnet,thelyric,theSpenserianstanza,andmanyexperimentalverseforms

|Droppingoftheconventionalpoeticdictioninfavoroffresherlanguageandbolderfigures

|Tendtothehumblepeopleandtheeverydaylifeforsubjects

|5.TheLiteratureinThisPeriod

|5.1TheRomanticperiodisanageofpoetry.

|SchoolsofRomanticPoets:

Pre-romanticPoets

|PassiveRomanticistsActiveRomanticists

|Pre-romanticPoets

|RobertBurns罗伯特·彭斯:

Scottishdialect,ballads

|WilliamBlake:

mysterious,philosophical,visionary

e.g.SongsofInnocenceSongsofExperience

|TheirromanticpoemspavedthewayfortheflourishofRomanticismearlythenextcentury.

|Thefirstgeneration:

PassiveRomanticists

conservative,worshipperofnature

|Bywayofprotestagainstcapitalistdevelopment，theyturnedtothefeudalpast,the“merryoldEngland”astheirideal,or“frightenedbythecomingofindustrialismandthenightmaretownsofindustry,theywereturningtonatureforprotection.”

|Theyhaveoftenbeenmentionedasthe“LakePoets”becausetheylivedintheLakeDistrictinthenorthwesternpartofEngland,andthelandscapeoftheLakeDistrictprovidedthemwithinspirationfortheirpoetry.湖畔（派）诗人（18世纪末到19世纪初英国消极浪漫主义诗歌流派）

ØTherepresentativesareWordsworth,ColeridgeandSouthey.

ØThe2ndgeneration:

ActiveRomanticists

Ørebellious;revolutionary

ØByron,ShelleyandKeatsremainedrevolutionaryinsomesensethroughouttheirpoeticcareers.Theyexpressedtheaspirationsoftheclass（proletariat）createdbycapitalismandheldoutanideal,thoughavagueone,ofafuturesocietyfreefromoppressionandexploitation

ØBlake,Wordsworth,Coleridge,Byron,Shelley&KeatsarethemajorRomanticpoets.Theystartedarebellionagainsttheneoclassicalliterature,whichwaslaterregardedasthepoeticrevolution.

Ø5.2TheRomanticperiodisalsoagreatageofprose.

Ønewspapers,magazinesandperiodicalsstartedtoflourish

Øthedevelopmentofanewandvaluabletypeofcriticalwriting

ØThetwomajornovelists:

JaneAustenandWalterScott

|WalterScott

heisthefirsthistoricalnovelist.Hishistoricalnovelscombinearomanticatmospherewitharealisticdepictionofhistoricalbackgroundandcommonpeople’slife.Scottmarkedthetransitionfromromanticismtotheperiodofrealismwhichfollowedit.

|Gothicnovel

|Itisatypeofromanticfictionthatpredominatedinthelate18thcentury&wasonephaseoftheRomanticMovement

|Itsprincipalelementsareviolence,horror&thesupernatural,whichstronglyappealtothereader'semotion.

|Withitsdescriptionsofthedark,irrationalsideofhumannature,theGothicformhasexertedagreatinfluenceoverthewritergoftheRomanticperiod.

|WorkslikeTheMysteriesofUdolpho（1794）byAnnRadcliffe&Frankenstein（1818）byMaryShelleyaretypicalGothicromance

---WilliamBlake（1757-1827）

•“IknowthatThisWorldisaWorldofIMAGINATION&Vision.”

“TheNatureofmyWorkisvisionaryorimaginative.

1.Pre-romanticism

•WhendidPre-romanticismappear?

inthelatterhalfofthe18thcentury

•WhatarethemainfeaturesofPre-romanticism?

Romanticrevival;

StrongprotestagainstthebondageofClassicism

Claimsofpassionandemotion

Renewedinterestsinmedievalliterature

Pre-romanticism

•Whoaretherepresentatives?

WilliamBlakeandRobertBurns

•What’sthesignificance?

markedthedeclineofClassicismpavedthewayforthecomingofromanticisminEngland

2.Briefintroduction

•ThefirstimportantBritishromanticpoet.

•Blakewasopposedtotheclassicismofthe18thcentury.

•Hispoemswerefullofromanticspirit,imagerysymbolismandrevolutionaryspirit.

•HewasaPre-Romanticistorforerunneroftheromanticpoetryofthe19thcentury.

3.Life

•borninLondontalentforpaintingEngraver

HappymarriageLiveinpoverty

4.MajorWorks

•PoeticalSketches（1783）:

hisearliestpoems,fullofjoy,laughter,loveandharmony

•SongsofInnocence（1789）:

presentahappyandinnocentworld,thoughwithitsevilsandsufferings

•TheMarriageofHeavenandHell（1790）:

hisfirstpropheticalworkandmostimportantprosework;exploretherelationshipofthecontraries

•SongsofExperience（1794）:

presentaworldofmisery,poverty,disease,warandrepressionwithamelancholytone

•Jerusalem:

TheEmanationoftheGiantAlbion（1820）:

hislongestilluminatedwork;expoundhistheoryofImagination

PoeticalSketches

•Blake’sfirstcollectionofpoemsisnamedPoeticalSketches,inwhichhewasstronglyopposedtotheclassicaltraditioninpoetrycomposingofthe18thcenturynotonlyinformbutalsoincontent.

•PoeticalSketchesisacollectionoflyricalpoems,whicharehighlymusical,andsomeofthemsoundlikeanvilmusic,rhythmic,shortandbrief.

SongsofInnocencecontainspoemsobviouslywrittenforchildren,whoareusuallyconsiderednaiveandinnocent.

•By