考研英语新题型讲义.docx

考研英语新题型讲义.docx

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考研英语新题型讲义

第一章新题型应试12原则

●重复出现原则：

选项部分与空缺部分的前后重复出现的词汇、短语（包括同源词汇，词汇的不同词性形式、屈折变化形式等）是解题的重要线索。

●重复指代原则：

选项部分与空缺部分前后出现的同义替代、代词指代等。

●顺序原则：

选项部分填入后应该与上下文之间具有和谐的顺序，包括时间、空间、逻辑等方面。

●主题、扩展原则：

首句和尾句通常适用此原则。

做题依据是扩展句或例证句、类比句等。

如果主题句存在，可根据主题句推导扩展句。

●因果原则：

选项部分填入后与上下文之间具备因果关系。

●转折原则：

选项部分填入后与上下文之间具备转折关系。

●类比原则：

选项部分填入后与上下文之间具备类比关系。

这类题目难度较大。

●总述、分述原则：

空缺部分为总述部分，根据分述部分进行反推。

根据总述部分或其他分述部分寻找线索。

●对比原则：

前后采取比对的方法展开写作，依此寻找线索。

●承上启下原则：

同时与上下文有直接联系。

●例证原则：

表明主题后用例子加以证明。

●平行原则：

空缺部分在内容或形式上与已有内容相似。

第二章考研阅读理解新题型

备选题型1

Step1：

读首句，明大意。

弄明白文章的大意，在答题的时候牢牢扣住文章的主旨，心中如果能牢记文章主旨，答题时就能做到有条不紊。

Step2：

观选项，找特征。

文章大意明了后，一定要沉下心来仔细观察选项，千万不能马虎，把文章的衔接和连贯的手段，比方说人称代词、指示代词、连接词、复现同现这些词语标记出来。

Step3：

看前后，抓线索。

观察完选项后，再回到原文定位，抓住空前空后的句子，锁定目标答案的特征。

Step4：

查全文，对答案。

这一条指的是最后用代入法通读全文，检查答案是不是很合理。

如果同学们能遵照这四步答题，那么其实文章很容易抓住线索来答题。

自测一：

Isthishappeninginyourneighborhood?

Children,notebookcomputersstuckundertheirarms,awaittheyellowbusforthetriptomiddleschool.Onthesurface,thequestionofcomputersinschoolsisano-brainer.Itwouldbestrangetoinsistthattoday’stechnologyshouldn’tbeusedtomaketheclassroomexperiencemoreindividualized,moreeffective,moreimmediate,moreexciting.Computershavebeeninschoolsmorethan20years—andprobablyevendonesomegood.

ButtheideaofapersonalcomputerasanecessarydailytoolforeveryAmericangrammarschoolpupilisaltogetheradifferentthing.　Bewarethesuperficiallyattractivevisionof10-year-olddoingmoreoftheirwork—andhomework—onacomputer.It’sanotherillusorysilverbulletthatpromisestosolveallofsociety’sillsthroughtechnology.Regardlessofwhetherparentsortaxpayersbuythemachinery,it’sbadpolicy.

41）________________________.

educatorsforeverseemtoseektheultimateincurricularorteachingtools.Theyarealwayspreoccupiedwithinnovation—juniorhighschool,newmath,wholelanguage,openclassroomsandmasterylearning,tonameafew.（42）____________.

exactlywhatistobesolvedwithcomputersinschools?

Arewelookingtoimproveinstructionalcapacityandflexibility?

Arewetryingtomaketeachersandaidesmoreproductivebylettingstudentstakeadvantageofprogrammedlearningtools?

Thisallsoundsgood,andmuchhasbeenaccomplishedwithcomputerassistedinstruction.

43）_____________.There’sdangerinthemessagethatachildisnotfullyeducatedifheorshecan’tsurftheWorldWiderWebskillfully,movearoundinWindowsortheFinder,useawordprocessingprogram,orprograminLogoorBasic.

Theseskillscanbelearnedoutsidetheclassroom.Worse,thetimeittakesstudentstoacquirethemistimestolenfromthelegitimateteachingschedule—andthat’sabadtrade.

44）_________________.We’venottalkingbrandnames.Moreschoolsystemsdon’thavethemoneytoreplacePCsorMacsonthetwo-to-three-yearcyclethatshiftingtechnologiesdemand.Ontheotherhand,$2,500—thecostofjustonecomputer—investedinbooksfortheschoollibraryproducesanassetthathas,shallwesay,alongershelflife.

45）_________________.Thesearethereallytoughissues—theonesthatmorehardwarewon’tsolve.

Childrenarebestservedwhenschoolscontributetoshapingthesolidfoundationsofwhichtheirfuturewillbebuilt.Thestudentwhocanreadwithcuriosityandunderstanding,whohasmasteredbasicmathematicalconcepts,whocanevaluateideascritically,istheoneschoolsshouldaimtoproduce.

[A]Andwhatkindofcomputersshouldbepurchased?

[B]Ameta-analysisof36independentstudiesshowsthatcomputerapplicationshaveapositiveeffectonstudentsacademicachievementfromelementaryschooltocollege.

[C]determiningtheproperroleofcomputersinschoolsistooimportanttobelefttocomputersuppliersandeducators.Aneducatedpublicwithclearandrealisticexpectationsneedstohelpdeterminetherighttrackfortechnology.

[D]Andwhochangesthefactorycultureofschoolroomstoallowcomputerstobemoreeffective?

Andwhoteachestheteachers?

[E]Someideasturnedoutwellandovertimehaveearnedpermanentpositionsinoureducationsystems.Othersreflectedchangeforchange’ssakeandwouldupinthetrashbin,wheretheybelong.

[F]Ontheotherhand,computertechnologyamplifiesthepowerofindividuals,throughcorporations,toinfluenceothers.

[G]Butthat’snotthesameasmakingthecomputerasymbolofwell-temperededucationalpolicy.

参考答案：

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自测二：

Weallknowthatscienceplaysanimportantroleinthesocietiesinwhichwelive.1）____________________________.Thefirstofwhichistheapplicationofthemachines,productsandsystemsofappliedknowledgethatscientistsandtechnologistsdevelop.Throughtechnology,scienceimprovesthestructureofsocietyandhelpsmantogainincreasingcontroloverhisenvironment.Thesecondaspectistheapplicationbyallmembersofsocietyfromthegovernmentofficialtotheordinarycitizen,ofthespecialmethodsofthoughtandactionthatscientistsuseintheirwork.

Humanbeingshavedistinguishedthemselvesfromotheranimals,andindoingsoensuredtheirsurvival,bytheabilitytoobserveandunderstandtheirenvironmentandtheneithertoadapttothatenvironmentortocontrolandadaptittotheirownneeds.2）____________________.Ithasalsoprovidedthebasesforthetraditionalmethodologyofscience:

objectiveobservationanddescriptionofsomephenomena,theformulationofahypothesisofhypothesesabouttheeventsobservedandpossiblerelationshipsamongthem,theuseofthesetopredictfutureevents,theverificationofthehypothesesand,onthisbasis,theconstructionofatheoryofsomeareaofnaturalactivity.①

Whilethisprocessstillunderliesmostscientificactivity,theclassic“scientificmethod”hasbeencriticizedfromavarietyofperspectives.3）______________________________________.Evenhereitisdoubtfulwhetheranyonecanbeatrulyimpartialobserverofevents.Whatsomeonechoosestoobserveandthewayoneobservesitmust,afterall,inpartbeareflectionofexperienceandofideasastowhatissignificant.②Consider,forexample,thedifferentwaysinwhichanartistandalaymanlookatapaintingandthedifferentreactionstheyhavetothesamework.

4）_______________________________________.Atthisstageofthescientificmethod,anelementofscientistsoftrulycreativegenius.Galileo,forinstance,challengedthescientists（andthechurch）ofhisdaywithhishypothesisthattheearthrevolvedaroundthesun.AtwentiethcenturyexampleisWatsonandCrick’sdiscoveryofthemolecularstructureofDNA.Clearly,sciencemayinvolvenotonlycarefulobservationbutalsoawillingnesstobecreative;thismayentaillookingbeyondexistingparadigmsgoverningresearchingivenareaofstudy.

Afurthercriticismofthescientificmethodinvolvesthesubjectmattertowhichitisapplied.Themethodwaslargelydevelopedbyphysicists,chemistsandbiologists;itwaslateradoptedbypeopleworkinginsuchareasaseducation,psychologyandsociology,wherethesubjectsofresearchwereoftenpeople.Althoughlargelysuccessfulwhileusedtostudythepropertiesofinanimateobjectsorplants,thetraditionalapproachtodoingscienceisarguablylessappropriateforusewithhumanbeings.5）_____________________________________.

[A]Unlikechemicals,lightraysorplants,peoplehavefeelingsandfreewill.

[B]Theresultsofanexperimentwitha“sample”ofhumanbeingscanneversafelybegeneralizedtothe“population”fromwhichthesamplewasdrawn.

[C]Thisisduefundamentallytothefactthathumanbeingsaredifferent;eachisuniqueand,therefore,bydefinition,unpredictable.

[D]Theconstructionofhypothesesandtheoriesreflectsthescientist’sinterpretationofwhatheorshehasobservedevenmoreclearlythanobservation.

[E]Tobeginwith,itisapparentthatthe“objectivity”ofscienceandscientistsstrictlycharacterizesonlythelowestofscientificactivity—observation.

[F]Theprocessofcarefulobservation,perceptionofapatterninthephenomenaobserved,followedbyexploitationofthisknowledge,haslargelyinspiredtheareaofhumanactivityknownas“science”。

[G]Manypeoplebelieve,however,thatourprogressdependsontwoaspectsofscience.

参考答案：

ＧＦＥＤＣ

自测三：

AvalleytreasuredbybiologistsasoneofthewidestplacesinNorthAmericacouldbecomethesiteoflargecoal-relateddevelopmentprojects,iftwoplansarerealized.

41）_______________________________.

KennethBates,presidentoftheClineMiningCorporation,aCanadiancompany,saidheplannedtohaveanopen-pitcoalmineoperatingwithintwoyearstoextracthardmetallurgicalcoal,whichisindemandbecauseofaboominsteelproductioninChina.Theotherprojectisaseriesofexploratorywellstofindoutwhetheritisfeasibletodrillmoreextensivelyfornaturalgasfoundincoaldepositsinthevalley.Itisnotclearwhatcompanywillhandlethatproject.

42________________________________.

Butenvironmentalists,biologistsandSenatorMaxBaucus,DemocratofMontana,havevowedtoblocktheproposal.“Iftheywanttopursueafull-scaleoperationthatcoulddevastateoneofourmostpristineandvaluableareasforrecreationandwildlife,thenthey’reaskingforafight,“Mr.Baucussaid.HehaswrittentoSecretaryofStateColinL.PowellaskinghimtoexpressconcerntotheCanadians.

43.________________________________.

OntheAmericanside,theNorthForkhasbeendesignatedawildandscenicriver,whichcarriessomefederalprotections.Itishometoanendangeredspecies,thebulltrout.

Expertsfearaminecouldtainttheregion’swaterwithincreasedsediment,coaldustandnitratesfromexplosives.

Thevalleyisaredoubtforgrizzlybears,andanimportantconnectorbetweenbearsfurthernorthinCanad