宁夏公共英语考试考前冲刺卷5.docx

宁夏公共英语考试考前冲刺卷5.docx

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宁夏公共英语考试考前冲刺卷5

2022年宁夏公共英语考试考前冲刺卷（5）

本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。

一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。

每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意）

1.{{B}}Passage4{{/B}}

Inthe18thcentury,NewYorkwassmallerthanPhiladelphiaandBoston.TodayitisthelargestcityinAmerica.Howtoexplainthechangeinitssizeandimportance

Toanswerthisquestionwemustconsidercertainfactsaboutgeography,historyandeconomics.TogetherthesethreewillexplainthehugegrowthofAmerica’smostfamouscities.

ThemapoftheNortheastshowsthatfourofthemostheavily-populatedareasinthisregionarearoundseaports.AtthesepointsmaterialsfromacrosstileseaenterAmerica,andtheproductsofthelandaresentthereforexportacrossthesea.

Economistsknowthatplaceswheretransportationlinesmeetaregoodplacesformakingrawmaterialsintocompletedgoods,Thatiswhyseaportsoftenhavecitiesnearby.ButcitieslikeNewYorkneededmorethantheirgeographicallocationinordertobecomegreatindustrialcenters.Theirdevelopmentdidnothappensimplybychance.

About1815,whenmanyAmericansfromtheeastcoasthadalreadymovedtothewest.traderoutesfromtheportstothecentralregionsofthecountrybegantobeaseriousproblem,Theslowwagonsofthattime.drawnbyhorsesoroxen,weretooexpensiveformovingheavyfreightveryfar.AmericanshadlongadmiredEurope’scanals.InNewYorkStateacanalseemedthebestsolutiontothetransportationproblemFromtheeasternendofLakeErieallthewayacrossthestatetotheHudsonRiverthereisalongtripoflowlandHeretheErieCanalwasconstructed.Afterworkingforseveralyearsitwascompletedin1825.

Thecanalproducedanimmediateeffect.Freightcostswerecuttoaboutone-tenthofwhattheyhadbeen.NewYorkCity,whichhadbeensmallerthanPhiladelphiaandBoston,quicklybecametheleadingcityofthecoast.Inlateryears,transportationroutesontheGreatLakeswerejoinedtoroutesontheMississippiRiver.ThenNewYorkCitybecametheendpointofagreatinlandshippingsystemthatemendedfromtheAtlanticOceanfaruptothewesternbranchesoftheMississippi.

Thenewrailroadsmadecanalshippingnotasimportantasbefore,butittiedNewYorkevenmorecloselytothecentralregionsofthecountry.ItwaseasierforpeopleinthecentralstatestoshiptheirgoodstoNewYorkforexportoverseas.

ExportsfromNewYorkweregreaterthanimports.Consequently,shippingcompanieswereeagertofilltheirshipswithpassengersonthereturntripfromEurope.PassengerscouldcomefromEuropeverycheaplyasaresult.

ThusNewYorkbecamethegreatestportforreceivingpeoplefromEuropeancountries.Manyofthemremainedinthecity.OthersstayedinNewYorkforafewweeks,monthsoryears,andthenmovedtootherpartsoftheUnitedStates.ForthesegreatnumbersofnewAmericans.NewYorkhadtoprovidehomes,goodsandservices.TheirlaborhelpedthecitybecomegreatFreightcostswerereducedto10%ofwhattheyhadbeenbecauseof______.

A．thedeclineintaxes

B．theconstructionoftherailroads

C．theconstructionoftheErieCanal

D．thedevelopmentofindustry

2.{{B}}Passage3{{/B}}

DrThomasStarzl,likeallthepioneersoforgantransplantation,hadtolearntolivewithfailure.Whenheperformedtheworld’sfirstlivertransplant25yearsago,thepatient,athree-year-oldboy,diedontheoperatingtable.Thenextfourpatientsdidn’tlivelongenoughtogetoutofthehospital.Butmoredeterminedthandiscouraged,StarzlandhiscolleagueswentbacktotheirlabattheUniversityofColoradoMedicalSchool.

Theydevisedtechniquestoreducetheheavybleedingduringsurgery,andtheyworkedonbetterwaystopre-venttherecipient’simmunesystemfromrejectingtheorgan—anever-presentrisk.

Butthetriumphsofthetransplantsurgeonshavecreatedyetanothertragicproblem:

asevereshortageofdonororgans."Astheresultsgetbetter,morepeoplegoonthewaitinglistsandthere’swiderdisparitybetweensupplyandneed,"saysonedoctor.TheAmericanCouncilonTransplantationestimatedthatonanygivenday15000Americansarewaitingfororgans.Thereisnoshortageofactualorgans;eachyearabout5000healthypeopledieunexpectedlyintheUnitedStates,usuallyinaccidents.Theproblemisthatfewerthan20percentbecomedonors.

Thistrendpersistsdespitelawsdesignedtoencourageorganrecycling.UnderthefederalUniformAnatomicalGiftAct,apersoncanauthorizetheuseofhisorgansafterdeathbysigningastatement.Legally,thenextofkincanvetotheseposthumousgifts,butsurveysindicatethat70to80percentofthepublicwouldnotinterferewithafamilymember’sdecision.Thebiggestroadblock,accordingtosomeexperts,isthatphysiciansdon’taskfordonations,eitherbecausetheyfearoffendinggrievingsurvivorsorbecausetheystillregardsometransplantproceduresasexperimental.

Whentherearen’tenoughorganstogoaround,distributingtheavailableonesbecomesamatterofdecidingwhowillliveandwhowilldie.Oncedonorsandpotentialrecipientshavebeenmatchedforbodysizeandbloodtype,thesickestpatientscustomarilygotothetopofthelocalwaitinglist.Beyondtheseriousnessofthepatients’condition,doctorsbasetheirchoiceonsuchcriteriaasthelengthoftimethepatienthasbeenwaiting,howlongitwilltaketoobtainanorganandwhetherthetransplantteamcangearupintime.Therewouldbemanymoreorgandonorsif______.

A．lawsaredesignedtoencourageorganrecycling

B．peoplecan’tlegallypreventafamilymemberfromdonatinghisorgan

C．doctorsaremorewillingtoaskfordonations

D．transplantsurgeryismoresuccessful

3.{{B}}Passage2{{/B}}

Untilthelastfewyears,giantIBMwasmostworkers’idealofacompanywithgreathumanrelations.Gettingajobtheremeantyouweresetforlifeatoneofthemostenlightenedfirmsintheworld.

Companybenefitssoundedlikea"who’swho"ofworker-friendlyprograms.Therewasjobsecurityforlife.Youcouldleaveworktwohoursearlyifyouarrivedtwohoursearly.YoucouldputchildrenandelderlyparentsinIBM-paidcareprograms.Youcouldgotograduateschoolfull-timewhilestillbeingpaid.Andtherewereno{{U}}hourly{{/U}}workers.Everyonewasconsideredimportantandmature,soeveryonewaspaidasalaryanddidn’thavetopunchatimeclock.Thefirmwasoneofthefirsttoinstitutejobenrichmentprograms;waybeforethetermwaseveninvented.Everythingitdidwasaimedatmakingemployeesfeelimportant.AndforyearsIBMhadahighlymotivatedworkforce.

Butthingshavechanged.IBMchairmanJohnAkerstoldastartledgroupofmanagementtraineesthatemployeesare"toodamnedcomfortableatatimewhenthebusinessisincrisis".Healsosaidthereare"toomanypeoplestandingaroundthewatercoolerwaitingtobetoldwhattodo".

Obviously,Akersthoughtshocktherapywasinorder,Betweenaneconomicrecessionandcompetition,IBMsufferedamajordropmrevenuein1991."Whatweneedaroundhereisahighertensionlevel,"Akerssaid.Sothey’remakingsomechangesatIBM.Thefirmslashedabout17000jobs.AndsuddenlyIBMwantsitsmanagerstoencouragecertainworkerstoleavethefirm.

ThewholesituationisadilemmaforIBM.Policiessuchasnolayoffshavedonealottomotivateworkersandmakethemloyal.Yetinahighlycompetitiveworlditmaybeunwisetoletemployeesfeeltoosecure.TheidealofIBMasacompanybegantochange______.

A．afewyearsago

B．afewmonthsago

C．since1990

D．afterJohnAkersbecametheGeneralManager

4.

{{B}}Passage1{{/B}}

WouldyouliketoorbittheEarthinsidetheInternationalSpaceStationNowyoucantakeaspaceholiday—forapriceThisisduetoarecantdecisionbytopspaceofficialsoftheUnitedStates,Russia,Canada,JapanandtheEuropeanSpaceAgency.

LastApril,AmericanbusinessmanDennisTitoreportedlypaidbetweentwelvemillionandtwentymilliondollarstospendoneweekontheInternationalSpaceStationNASAhadstronglyobjectedtotheRussianplantopermitacivilianonthecostlyresearchvehicleAftertwoyearsofnegotiations,spaceofficialshaveagreedonaprocesstotrainprivatecitizenstotaketripstotheInternationalSpaceStation.

NASArecentlyagreedtoconditionsthatwillpermitRussiatoselltripstothespacestation.ThetripsareplannedbyanAmericancompanycalledSpaceAdventuresLimitedofArlington,Virginia.Thecompanycallsitself"theworld’sleadingspacetourismcompany".ThecompanyhassoldaspacetriptoMarkShuttle-worth,aSouthAfricanbusinessman.InApril,MrShuttleworthwillbelaunchedintospacefromtheBaikonurCosmodromeinKazakhstan.

ExpertssaythechangeinpolicyatNASAshowsanewdesiretousespacevehiclesforbusinessandindustrialpurposes.InaspeechtoCongresslastyear,NASAofficialMichaelHawessaidthatthespaceagencyhadnotconsideredciviliantravelasoneoftheindustriesitwantedtodevelop,However,MrHawessaidthatprivatespacetravelcouldnowbecloneaslongassafetymeasuresareobservedcarefully.

Yet,theaveragecitizenwillnotbeabletotravelintospaceinthenearfuture.SpaceAdventuresLimitedsellsatrainingprogramforspaceflightthatcoststwohundredthousanddollars.ThatpricedoesnotincludethecostofthetriptotheInternationalSpaceStation.Thatholidayinspacecoststwentymilliondollars,

Candidatesforadventurespacetraveltripsmustbeinexcellenthealthandmustpassdifficulthealthtests,Theymustreceivealotoftraining.Besides,goodEnglishcanhelpyouprepareforaspaceholiday.Thisisbecauseallsuccessfulcandidateswhowi