托福阅读理解练习.docx

托福阅读理解练习.docx

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托福阅读理解练习

ReadingComprehension

PassageOne

Thereareagreatmanycareersinwhichtheincreasingemphasisisonspecialization.Youfindthesecareersinengineering,inproduction,instatisticalwork,andinteaching.Butthereisanincreasingdemandforpeoplewhoareabletotakeinagreatareaataglance,peoplewhoperhapsdonotknowtoomuchaboutanyonefield.Thereis,inotherwords,ademandforpeoplewhoarecapableofseeingtheforestratherthanthetrees,ofmakinggeneraljudgments.Wecancallthesepeople“generalists”.Andthese“generalists”areparticularlyneededforpositionsinadministration,whereitistheirjobtoseethatotherpeopledothework,wheretheyhavetoplanforotherpeople,toorganizeotherpeople’swork,tobeginitandjudgeit.Thespecialistunderstandsonefield;hiseducationalbackgroundisproperlytechnicalorprofessional.Thegeneralist―-andespeciallytheadministrator—-dealswithpeople;hisconcerniswithleadership,withplanning,andwithdirectiongiving.Heisan“educated”man;andhumanitiesarehisstrongestfoundation.Veryrarelyisaspecialistcapableofbeinganadministrator.Andveryrarelyisagoodgeneralistalsoagoodspecialistinaparticularfield.Anyorganizationneedsbothkindsofpeople,thoughdifferentorganizationsneedthemindifferentproportions.Itisyourtasktofindout,duringyourtrainingperiod,intowhichofthetwokindsofjobsyoufit,andtoplanyourcareeraccordingly.

Yourfirstjobmayturnouttobetherightjobforyou――butthisispureaccident.Certainlyyoushouldnotchangejobsconstantlyorpeoplewillbecomesuspiciousofyourabilitytoholdanyjob.Atthesametimeyoumustnotlookuponthefirstjobasthefinaljob;itisprimarilyatrainingjob,anopportunitytounderstandyour-selfandyourfitnessforbeinganemployee.

1.Thereisanincreasingdemandfor______.

A.all-roundpeopleintheirownfield

B.peoplewhosejobistoorganizeotherpeople’swork

C.generalistswhoseeducationalbackgroundiseithertechnicalorprofessional

D.specialistswhosechiefconcernistoprovideadministrativeguidancetoothers

2.Thespecialistis________.

A.amanwhosejobistotrainotherpeople

B.amanwhohasbeentrainedinmorethanonefield

C.amanwhocanseetheforestratherthanthetrees

D.amanwhoseconcernismainlywithtechnicalorprofessionalmatters

3.Theadministratoris_______.

A.a“trained”manwhoismoreaspecialistthanageneralist

B.amanwhoseesthetreesaswellastheforest

C.amanwhoisverystronginthehumanities

D.amanwhoisan“educated”specialist

4.Duringyourtrainingperiod,itisimportant______.

A.totrytobeageneralist

B.tochooseaprofitablejob

C.tofindanorganizationwhichfitsyou

D.todecidewhetheryouarefittobeaspecialistorageneralist

5.Aman’sfirstjob__________.

A.isnevertherightjobforhim

B.shouldnotberegardedashisfinaljob

C.shouldnotbechangedorpeoplewillbecomesuspiciousofhisabilitytoholdanyjob

D.isprimarilyanopportunitytofithimselfforhisfinaljobBDCDB

PassageTwo

Therearefewpartsoftheworldwhereeducationisnotacontroversialissue.Incountrieswithhighunemploymentitmaybeapassporttooneofthefewgoodjobsavailablefortheirchildren.ParticularcontroversyattachestoeducationinWesterncountriesincludingthefollowing:

Dochildrenofallbackgroundsgetafairdeal?

Doboyshaveabettereducationthangirls?

Arechildrenfromdifferentreligious,ethnicandsocialgroupsgiventhesameopportunitiesasothers?

Shouldchildrenattendselectiveschoolsaccordingtotheirability,orshouldallattendacommonhighschoolorcomprehensiveschool?

Andwithintheschoolshouldtheybetaughtin“streamed”classes—ortobetaughtin“mixedability”classes?

Inaddition,thespeedoftechnologicalchangeissuchthateducationhastochangerapidly.Thedevelopmentofradio,television,themicrocomputerandtheinteractivevideodischasalreadyinfluencedthewaypeoplelearnandcontinuetodoso.Withasourceofelectricalpowerandatelephonelink,eventheremotestareascanhaveaccesstothegreateststoreofinformationintheworld.

Furthermore,themanyrapidchangesinsocietyandtherealizationthathumanbeingsarecapableoflearningthroughoutthelives—evenintooldage—havecombinedtoproduceademandforpermanenteducationalopportunities.Inthe21stcenturypeoplewillneedtobeabletolearnthroughouttheirlives,notjustduringthebriefyearsofcompulsoryschooling.

6.WhichofthefollowingquestionscanbeaddedtothecontroversyinPara.1?

A.Isteachers’markingfair?

B.Isitnecessarytohavekeyschools?

C.Dowehaveenoughqualifiedteachers?

D.Istheretoomuchexaminationineducation?

7.Ifchildrenaretaughtinstreamedclasses,theyare___________.

A.groupedaccordingtotheirabilityB.taughtsomeparticularsubjects

C.lookedasbeststudentsC.arebetterthanordinarystudents

8.Itcanbeinferredthatthepresenteducationsystemisnotsosatisfactory,because___.

A.itcannotprovidelife-longeducation

B.itdoesnotprovideequalopportunitiesforall

C.itdoesnothaveenoughmoderntechnology

D.itcannotacceptoldpeopleineducation

9.Beforetheintroductionofthemoderntechnologyintoeducation,oneofthemostdifficultproblemsforeducatorstotacklewas__________.

A.tochangethewaypeopleusedtolearn

B.tomaketheprovisionofeducationfair

C.tomakethelearningmoreinteractive

D.toprovideeducationtochildreninremoteareas

10.Moreandmoreoldpeoplewillcomebacktoeducation,because__________.baadd

A.theywanttofindnewjobs

B.theywanttobemoreusedtoarapidlychangingsociety

C.theyhavemoretimetostudy

D.theywanttosatisfytheirneedtolearn

PassageThree

Researchershaveestablishedthatwhenpeoplearementallyengaged,biochemicalchangesoccurinthebrainthatallowittoactmoreeffectivelyincognitive（认知的）areassuchasattentionandmemory.Thisistrueregardlessofage.

Peoplewillbealertandreceptiveiftheyarefacedwithinformationthatgetsthemtothinkaboutthingstheyareinterestedin.Andsomeonewithahistoryofdoingmoreratherthanlesswillgointooldagemorecognitivelysoundthansomeonewhohasnothadanactivemind.

Manyexpertsaresoconvincedofthebenefitsofchallengingthebrainthattheyareputtingthetheorytoworkintheirownlives.“Theideaisnotnecessarilytolearntomemorizeenormousamountsofinformation,”saysJamesFozard,associatedirectoroftheNationalInstituteonAging.“Mostofusdon’tneedthatkindofskill.Suchspecifictrainingisoflessinterestthanbeingabletomaintainmentalalertness.”Fozardandotherssaytheychallengetheirbrainswithdifferentmentalskills,bothbecausetheyenjoythemandbecausetheyaresurethattheirrangeofactivitieswillhelpthewaytheirbrainswork.

GeneCohen,actingdirectorofthesameinstitute,suggeststhatpeopleintheiroldageshouldengageinmentalandphysicalactivitiesindividuallyaswellasingroups.Cohensaysthatwearefrequentlyadvisedtokeepphysicallyactiveasweage,butolderpeopleneedtokeepmentallyactiveaswell.Thosewhodoaremorelikelytomaintaintheirintellectualabilitiesandtobegenerallyhappierandbetteradjusted.“Thepointis,youneedtodoboth,”Cohensays,“Intellectualactivityactuallyinfluencesbrain-cellhealthandsize.”

11.Peoplewhoarecognitivelyhealthyarethose_______________________.

A.whocanrememberlargeamountsofinformation

B.whoarehighlyintelligent

C.whosemindsarealertandreceptive

D.whoaregoodatrecognizingdifferentsounds

12.AccordingtoFozard’sargument,peoplecanmaketheirbrainsworkmoreefficientlyby_______________________.

A.constantlydoingmemorywork

B.takingpartinvariousmentalactivities

C.goingthroughspecifictraining

D.makingfrequentadjustments

13.ThefindingsofJamesandotherscientistsintheirwork________________.

A.remainatheorytobefurtherproved

B.havebeenchallengedbymanyotherexperts

C.havebeengenerallyaccepted

D.arepracticedbytheresearchersthemselves

14.Olderpeoplearegenerallyadvisedto_________________.

A.keepfitbygoinginforphysicalactivities

B.keepmentallyactivebychallengingtheirbrains

C.maintainmentalalertnessthroughspecifictraining

D.maintainabalancebetweenindividualandgroupactivities

15.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

cbdab

A.Howbiochemicalchangeoccurinthehumanbrain.

B.Whypeopleshouldkeepactivenotonlyphysicallybutalsomentally.

C.Howintellectualactivitiesinfluencebrain-cellhealth.

D.Whypeopleshouldreceivespecialmentaltrainingastheyage.

PassageFour

AlbertEinsteinonceattributedthecreativityofafamousscientisttothefactthathe“neverwenttoschool,andthereforepreservedtheraregiftofthinkingfreely.ThereisundoubtedlytruthinEinstein’sobservation:

manyartistsandgeniusesseemtoviewtheirschoolingasadisadvantage.Butsuchatruthisnotacriticismofschools.Itisthefunctionofschoolstocivilize,nottotrainexplorers.Theexplorerisalwaysalonelyindividualwhetherhisorherpioneeringbeinart,music,science,ortechnology.ThecreativeexplorerofunmappedlandsshareswiththegeniuswhatWilliamJamesdescribedasthe“facultyofperceivinginanunhabitualway”.Insofarasschoolsteachperceptualpatternstheytendtodestroycreativityandgenius.Butifschoolscouldsomewhatexistsolelytocultivategenius,thensocietywouldbreakdown,forthesocialorderdemandsunityandwidespreadagreement,bothtr