MPA英语课后练习词汇篇doc.docx

MPA英语课后练习词汇篇doc.docx

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MPA英语课后练习词汇篇doc

MPA英语课后练习--词汇篇

词汇

1.Whethertheyarerepublicsorconstitutionalmonarchies,itisgovernmentagenciesputtingintopracticelegislativeactsthatrepresentthewillofthepeople.

2.Whiletheexecutive,legislative,andjudicialbranchesareseparateanddistinctintheUnitedStates,allsidesstruggletoinfluencetheothers.

3.Mostofwhatanexecutivedoesistomanageexistingprograms,torunthebureaucracy.

4.Theseappointees,whilefunctioningastopmanagerssignificantmanagementresponsibilities,areseldomprofessionalmanagersandseldomthinkofthemselvesasmanagementexperts.

5.Thesemiddlemanagers,despitetheirdisparityinfunctionsandtechnicalbackgrounds,largelycontinuethemanagementspecialtyofpublicadministration.

6.Theyspendtheirworkinglivesfightingasofficersintheadministrativewarsstartedbytheirpoliticalleaders.

7.MickeyMouseisoftenusedtomeanredtape,thesymbolofexcessiveformalityandattentiontoroutine.

8.Organizationcreateandretainsuchseeminglyrigid“practicesandfeatures”becausetheypromoteefficiencyandequityonthewhole-eventhoughthismaynotbetrueinmanyindividualcases.

9.AlthoughheendedasthechiefofstaffoftheU.S.Army,heisonnobody’slistofgreatgenerals.

10.Ifyouwanttobealeadingactor,youmustonlyplayleadingparts--“muchbettertoplayHamletinDenverthanLaertesonBroadway.”

11.Oftenthiscallsforthecreationoforganizations,publicagencies,andbureaus,whichinturnneedtocreatemorepoliciesthatgiveguidancetotheorganization’semployeesonhowtoputintopracticetheoverallpublicpolicy.

12.Theirdemocracyconsistedofrulebyanelitegroupofmalecitizens,whosewell-beingwasmaintainedbypoliticallysuppressedwomenandalargeslavepopulation（whichwasnotadesirablesituationifyouwereawomanandworseifyouwereaslave）.

13.Inademocracythepeoplemeetandexercisethegovernmentinperson;inarepublic,theyassembleandadministeritbytheirrepresentativesandagents.

14.Becauseofthenecessitiesofbothhotandcoldwars,thePresidenthasbeenunusuallystrongvis-à-vistheCongress.

15.AsAristotlehadwarned,timeandagainthroughouthistorythesepuredemocracieshadbeencapturedbydemagoguesandhaddegeneratedintodictatorialtyrannies.

16.Afterall,ithasthegreatestnumberofenumeratedpowersandtheexecutiveandjudicialbranchesmustenforceitslaws.

17.Hewasdisdainfulofthosewhoassertedthepresenceofa“residuumofpower”whenheclearlysawnone.

18.Apresident,accordingtothisview,couldatleastforashortwhileevenassumedictatorialpowers.

19.However,whenrecentPresidentshavesoughtextraordinarypowers,evenwithclaimsofnationalsecurityandexecutiveprivilege,theyhavebeen“checked”bytheSupremeCourt.

20.Theimportantthingtorememberisthatthistheoryofexecutivepowerisquietlyreservedtosupporttheeffortsofaleaderwhoseesthenationthroughinatimeofcrisis,or,alternately,itlurksinthehandsofanunprincipledopportunistordemagoguetostiflerepublicaninstitutions.

21.Aconstitutionprovidesthebasicpoliticalandlegalstructure,thearchitecture,whichprescribestherulesbywhichagovernmentoperates.

22.Onlytherealmofforeignaffairshassubstantiallyescapedthistendency,althoughthewaronterrorhasincreasinglybroughtbackquestionsoftherightsofprisonerstotheAmericancourts.

23.UnliketheBritishparliamentarymachineryofgovernmentthatevolvedoverhundredsofyears,theAmericanmachinerywascreatedatonemomentintimeforitsspecificpurpose.

24.TheCourtunanimouslydeclareditssupportforredtape,thetreasuredproceduralsafeguardsthatprotectusevenwhenwedowishtobeprotected,andthelaw’sdelay.

25.Whiletheinefficiencyoftheseparationofpowersistobehighlyvaluedforitsprotectionofbasicliberties,thisisnoexcuseforindividualagenciestobeinefficientasorganization.

26.Thisisaninstitutionwhoseexistencerestsoncustomratherthanconstitutionalprovision,eventhoughitschiefmembers,thesecretariesofthefederalexecutivedepartments,mustbeapprovedbytheSenate.

27.TheAmericanmachineryofgovernment,whichrequirescabinetsecretariestoberesponsiblebothtothePresidentandtheCongress（withitscompetinginterests）makesthatvirtuallyimpossible.

28.SomePresidentshaveconvenedtheircabinetonlyforthemostformalandroutinematters,whileothershavereliedonitforadviceandsupport.

29.Whileallcabinetsecretariesareequalinrankandsalary,themissionsofthoseintheinnercabinettendtogivethemanadvantageinprestige,access,andvisibilitydeniedtothosewhoheadtherestof,orthe“outer,”cabinet.

30.ThusallsuchcommissionerscanservetotheendoftheirfixedtermsunlessimpeachedbyCongress.

31.Similarly,theConstitutionmakesexplicitthelimitsoffederalinterventioninstatematters,includingrestrictionsonthefederalgovernment’sabilitytotaxinterstatecommerce（ArticleI,Section9）.

32.Thisamendment,commonlyknownasthereservedpowersclause,hasbeenattheheartofnumerousdebatesonthebalanceofpowerbetweenthenationalandstategovernments.

33.Sometimesacommunityissodominatedbyoneethnicgroupthatthisimpactstheirrelations--theirintergovernmentalrelations--withtheirlevelsofgovernment.

34.Forexample,theUnitedStateshaslongpracticedtheartofgerrymandering,thereshapingofanelectoraldistricttoenhancethepoliticalfortunesofthepartyinpower,asopposedtocreatingadistrictwithgeographiccompactness.

35.Thisencouragedaspateofaffirmativegerrymandering,redistrictingtoconsolidateminorityvotessothataminoritygroupmemberwillmostlikelywinthenextelection.

36.However,inthe1995caseofLouisianav.Hays,theSupremeCourtseemedtoputsevereinhibitionsonthiswhenitruledthatcongressionaldistrictlinesareunconstitutionalifraceisthe“predominantfactor”indrawingthem.Nevertheless,theCourtdidnotsaythatracecouldnotbeafactoratall.

37.Marble-cakefederalismisusuallyassociatedwithMortonGrodzins,whomadeafamousexampleoutofcaseofruralcountryhealthofficialscalledsanitarians.

38.Sanitariansareappointedbythestategovernmentundermeritstandardsestablishedbythefederalgovernment,andwhiletheirbasesalariescomefromstateandfederalfunds,thecountryprovidesthemwithofficesandofficeamenitiesandpaysaportionoftheirexpenses.

39.Heisafederalofficerwhenimpoundingimpuredrugsshippedfromaneighboringstate;afederal-stateofficerwhendistributingtyphoidimmunizationserum;astateofficerwhenenforcingstandardsofindustrialhygiene;astate-localofficerwheninspectingthecity’swatersupply;and（tocompletethecircle）alocalofficerwheninsistingthatthecitybutchersadoptmorehygienemethodsofhandlingtheirgarbage.

40.Ittakeswiselegislatorsateachleveltocomprehendhowtheirlegislationwillfitinwiththatbeingdevelopedatotherlevels--andofficialsworkingateachlevelmayfinditamajortasktoseethattheirworkiscompatiblewiththatofpeopleworkingonsimilartopicsinotherlevelsofgovernment.

41.Thestaffconceptevolvedtoovercometheinherentlimitationsofasinglemindandever-fleetingtime.

42.Organizationalstructuresandproductionsystemsneededconstanttinkeringandrefiningtotakebestadvantageofever-evolvingtechnology.

43.Justasindustrialengineerssoughttodesign“thebest”machinestokeepfactoriesproductive,industrialandmechanicalengineering-typethinkingdominatedtheoriesabout“thebestway”toorganizepeoplefortheirroleaspartoftheoverallindustrialmachine.

44.Theconceptwasfirstformallyinstitutedinthemilitary,anditcanbetracedbacktotheancientGreekarmiesofAlexandertheGreat.

45.Whilegeneralshavealwayshadaides-de-camp,themodernmilitarygeneralstaffprincipallyoriginatesfromthePrussianmilitaryreformsthattransformedaninefficientarmyintotheforemostmilitarymachineinEuropebythemiddleofthenineteenthcentury.

46.ThegeneralstaffthendevelopedthestrategiesandtacticsthatGermanywoulduseinfuturewars.

47.Thetraditionalstaffconcept,modifiedtoreflectlocalconditions,wasincreasinglyadoptedbyburgeoningindustrialandgovernmentalorganizations.

48.Premiseduponthenotionthattherewas“onebestway”ofaccomplishinganygiventask,Taylor’sscientificmanagementsoughttoincreaseoutputbyusingspecialstafftodiscoverthefastest,mostefficient,andleast-fatiguingproductionmethods.

49.AtfirstTaylorwasreluctanttousethephrase“scientificmanagement”becauseitsoundedtooacademic.

50.Taylor’sdutiesseemedsoobvioustoday,buttheywererevolutionaryin1912.

51.Thecomponentsofperformancemanagementarelong-establishedmanagementtoolsthatencompassmostoftheothersensesinwhichthetermperformanceisusedinthelanguageofpublicsectormanagement.

52.This,initssimplestterms,plotsagainstacalendarthemainmanagementactionsthatmustbetakeninthecomingyear.

53.Thisreflectsthedefactoroleofthebudgetinmanyorganizationsasthecentralfocusofdecisionmakingconcerningresourceallocationforthecomingyear.

54.Amanagementcyclenotonlyforcesdecisionstobemadewithacalendarinmind,butitalsoserveasaconceptualdiagram,whichimpliesalogicalinteraction,sequencing,andaboveall,linkingofrelatedcategoriesofmanagementactivity.

55.Thecitizensliterallyvotefortheplansespousedbyelectedpoliticalexecutivesintheircampaignpromises.

56.Whetherthisw