理工英语C小抄.docx

理工英语C小抄.docx

《理工英语C小抄.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《理工英语C小抄.docx（30页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

理工英语C小抄

panduan

Whatisadream

1、Noteveryoneagreesthatdreamsaremeaningful.ARight

2.AccordingtoFreud,peopledreamaboutthingsthattheycannottalkabout.ARight

3.Jungbelievedthatdreamsdidnothelponetounderstandoneself.BWrong

4.Inthepast,peoplebelievedthatdreamsinvolvedemotions.CNotmentioned

5.AccordingtoDornhoff,babiesdonothavethesameabilitytodreamasadultsdo.ARight

6.Menandwomendreamaboutdifferentthings.ARight

7.Scientistsagreethatdreamspredictthefuture.BWrong

TheBiologyofMusic

1、Humans,butnotanimals,cansing.BWrong

2.Peoplecanusemusictocommunicatetheiremotions.ARight　　

3.Weusethesamepartofthebrainformusicandlanguage.BWrong

4.GeofferyMilerhasdoneresearchonmusicandemotions.ARight

5.It'shardforhumanstocomposemusic.CNotmentioned

6.Memoryisnotanimportantpartinsingingintune.BWrong

7.Scientistsdoesnotknowalltheanswersabouttheeffectsofmusiconhumans.ARight

BillGates:

UnleashingYourCreativity

1、AcomputerwasasbigasaniceboxwhenBillGateswasahighschoolstudent.ARight

2.BillGateshasbeendreamingofthepopularityofcomputersforhislifetime.ARight

3.BillGatescompareshishardworkonaPCto"tap-dancingtowork".BWrong

4.ToBillGates'mind,thereisabigdifferencebetweenthedeathofthepoor'schildrenandthedeathoftherich'schildren.BWrong

5.SofarBillGateshascontributedseveraldozenbilliondollarstothecharities.CNotmentioned

6.BillGatesandhiswifeconsiderittheirdutytohelpthepoorbettertheirhealthandeducationasmuchaspossible.ARight

7.BillGateswillleaveonlyasmallportionofhiswealthforhischildren.CNotmentioned

StageFright

1.FallingdownonstagewasnotagoodwayforVladimirFeltsmantodealwithhisstagefright.

BWrong

2.Therearemanysignsofstagefright.ARight

3.Teachersandpsychologistscannothelppeoplewithextremestagefright.BWrong

4.Toperformwellonstage,youneedtohavesomefeelingsofexcitement.ARight

5.Ifyouhavestagefright,it'shelpfultohavefriendlyaudience.CNotmentioned

6.Oftenpeoplehavestagefrightbecauseparentsorteachersexpecttoomuchofthem.ARight

7.Famousmusiciansneversufferfromstagefright.

BWrong

Duanwen

TheBilingualBrain

WhenKarlKimimmigratedtotheUnitedStatesfromKoreaasateenager,hehadahardtimelearningEnglish.Nowhespeaksitfluently,andhehadauniqueopportunitytoseehowourbrainsadapttoasecondlanguage.Asagraduatestudent,KimworkedinthelabofJoyHirsch,aneuroscientistinNewYork.1Theirworkledtoanimportantdiscovery.Theyfoundevidencethatchildrenandadultsdon'tusethesamepartsofthebrainwhentheylearnasecondlanguage.TheresearchersusedaninstrumentcalledanMRI（magneticresonanceimaging）scannertostudythebrainsoftwogroupsofbilingualpeople2Onegroupconsistedofthosewhohadlearnedasecondlanguageaschildren.Theotherconsistedofpeoplewho,likeKim,learnedtheirsecondlanguagelaterinlife.PeoplefrombothgroupswereplacedinsidetheMRIscanner.ThisallowedKimandHirschtoseewhichpartsofthebrainweregettingmorebloodandweremoreactive.Theyaskedpeoplefrombothgroupstothinkaboutwhattheyhaddonethedaybefore,firstinonelanguageandthentheother.Theycouldn'tspeakoutloudbecauseanymovementwoulddisruptthescanning.KimandHirschlookedspecificallyattwolanguagecentersinthebrain,Broca'sarea,whichisbelievedtocontrolspeechproduction,andWernicke'sarea,whichisthoughttoprocessmeaning.KimandHirschfoundthatbothgroupsofpeopleusedthesamepartofWernicke'sareanomatterwhatlanguagetheywerespeaking.3ButtheiruseofBroca'sareawasdifferent.PeoplewholearnedasecondlanguageaschildrenusedthesameregioninBroca'sareaforboththeirfirstandsecondlanguages.PeoplewholearnedasecondlanguagelaterinlifeusedadifferentpartofBroca'sareafortheirsecondlanguage.4HowdoesHirschexplainthisdifference?

Hirschbelievesthatwhenlanguageisfirstbeingprogrammedinyoungchildren,theirbrainsmaymixthesoundsandstructuresofalllanguagesinthesamearea.Oncethatprogrammingiscomplete,theprocessingofanewlanguagemustbetakenoverbyadifferentpartofthebrain.Asecondpossibilityissimplythatwemayacquirelanguagesdifferentlyaschildrenthanwedoasadults.Hirschthinksthatmothersteachababytospeakbyusingdifferentmethodsinvolvingtouch,sound,andsight.5And that is very different from learning a language in a high school or college class.

HowDeafnessMakesItEasiertoHear

MostpeoplethinkofBeethoven'shearinglossasanobstacletocomposingmusic.However,heproducedhismostpowerfulworksinthelastdecadeofhislifewhenhewascompletelydeaf.Thisisoneofthemostgloriouscasesofthetriumphofwilloveradversity,buthisbiographer,MaynardSolomon,takesadifferentview.1、SolomonarguesthatBeethoven'sdeafness"heightened"hisachievementasacomposer.InhisdeafworldBeethovencouldexperiment,freefromthesoundsoftheoutsideworld,freetocreatenewformsandharmonies.Hearinglossdoesnotseemtoaffectthemusicalabilityofmusicianswhobecomedeaf.Theycontinueto"hear"musicwithasmuch,orgreater,accuracythaniftheywereactuallyhearingitbeingplayed.2MichaelEagar,whodiedin2003,becamedeafattheageof21.

Duanwen

Hedescribedafascinatingphenomenonthathappenedwithinthreemonths:

"myformermusicalexperiencesbegantoplaybacktome.Icouldn'tdifferentiatebetweenwhatIheardandrealhearing.Aftermanyyears,itisstillrewardingtolistentotheseplaybacks,to'hear'musicwhichisnewtomeandtofindmanyquietaccompanimentsforaliofmymoods."Howisitthattheworldwesee,touch,hear,andsmellisboth"outthere"andatthesametimewithinus?

Thereisnobetterexampleofthisconnectionbetweenexternalstimulusandinternalperceptionthanthecochlearimplant.3Noman-madedevicecouldreplacetheabilitytohear.However,itmightbepossibletousethebrain'sremarkablepowertomakesenseoftheelectricalsignalstheimplantproduces.WhenMichaelEdgarfirst"switchedon"hiscochlearimplant,thesoundsheheardwerenotatallClear.Gradually,withmuchhardwork,hebegantoidentifyeverydaysounds.Forexample,"Theinsistentringingofthetelephonebecameclearalmostatonce."Theprimarypurposeoftheimplantistoallowcommunicationwithothers.WhenpeoplespoketoEagar,heheardtheirvoices"comingthroughlikealong-distancetelephonecallonapoorconnection."Butwhenitcametohisbelovedmusic,theimplantwasofnohelp.4Whenhewantedtoappreciatemusic,Eagarplayedthepiano.Hesaid,"IplaythepianoasIusedtoandhearitinmyheadatthesametime.Themovementofmyfingersandthefeelofthekeysgiveadded'clarity'tohearinginmyhead."Cochlearimplantsallowthedeaftohearagaininawaythatisnotperfect,butwhichcanchangetheirlives.5Still, as Michael Eagar discovered, when it comes to musical harmonies,hearing is irrelevant.EventhemostamazingcochlearimplantswouldhavebeenuselesstoBeethovenashecomposedhisNinthSymphonyattheendofhislife.

AMemoryDrug？

IT’SDIFFICULTTOIMAGINEMANYTHINGSthatpeoplewouldwelcomemorethanamemory-enhancingdrug.1、A memory enhancer could help eliminate forgetting associated with aging and disease.Furthermore,suchadrugcouldhelppeoplerememberpastexperiencesmoreclearlyandhelpusacquirenewinformationmoreeasilyforschoolandatwork.Asscientistslearnmoreaboutmemory,weareclosinginonthistantalizinggoal.1SomeofthemostexcitingevidencecomesfromresearchthathasbuiltonearlierfindingslinkingLTP2andmemorytoidentifyagenethatimprovesmemoryinmice.2、ThegenemakesaproteinthatassiststheNMDA2receptor，whichplaysanimportantroleinlong-termmemorybyhelpingtoinitiateLTP.MicebredtohaveextracopiesofthisgeneshowedmoreactivityintheirNMDAreceptors，moreLTP，andimprovedperformanceonseveraldifferentmemorytasks—learningaspatiallayout3,recognizingfamiliarobjects，andrecallingafear-inducingshock.Ifthesebasicinsightsaboutgenes,LTP,andthesynapticbasisofmemorycanbetranslatedtopeople—andthatremainstobeseen—theycouldpavethewayformemory-enhancingtreatments.3Like steroids for bulking up the muscles, these drugs would bulk up memory.Asexcitingasthismaysound,italsoraisestroublingissues.Considerthepotentialeducationalimplicationsofmemory-enhancingdrugs.Ifmemoryenhancerswereavailable,childrenwhousedthemmightbeabletoacquireandretainextraordinaryamountsofinformation,

Duanwen

allowingthemtoprogressfarmorerapidlyinschoolthantheycouldotherwise.Howwellcouldthebrainhandlesuchanonslaughtofinformation?

Whathappenstochildrenwhodon’thaveaccesstothelatestmemoryenhancers?

Aretheyleftbehindinschool—andasaresulthandicappedlaterinlife?

4What are the potential implications of memory-enhancing drugs for the workplace?

Imaginethatyouareapplyingforajobthatrequiresagoodmemory，suchasamanageratatechnologycompanyorasalespositionthatrequiresrememberingcustomers’namesaswellastheattributesofdifferentproductsandservices.Wouldyoutakeamemory-enhancingdrugtoincreaseyourchancesoflandingtheposition?

Wouldpeoplewhofeltuncomfortabletakingsuchadrugfindthemselvescutoutoflucrativecareeropportunities?

Memorydrugsmightalsohelptakethestingoutofdisturbingmemor