厦门大学考研真题阅读及英美文学语言学基础.docx

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厦门大学考研真题阅读及英美文学语言学基础.docx

厦门大学考研真题阅读及英美文学语言学基础

 

机密★启用前和使用过程中

 

厦门大学2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题

科目代码:

814

科目名称:

阅读及英美文学、语言学基础

招生专业:

英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言

 

考生须知:

答题必须使用黑(蓝)色墨水(圆珠)笔;不得直接在试卷(试题纸)或草稿纸上作答;凡未按上述规定作答均不予评阅、判分,后果考生自负。

 

PartOneReadingComprehension70points

 

Passage1

 

Speciesinterdependenceinnatureconfersmanybenefitsonthespeciesinvolved,butitcanalsobecomeapointofweaknesswhenonespeciesinvolvedintherelationshipisaffectedbyacatastrophe.Thus,floweringplantspeciesdependentoninsectpollination,asopposedtoself-pollinationorwindpollination,couldbeendangeredwhenthepopulationofinsect-pollinatorsisdepletedbytheuseofpesticides.

IntheforestsofNewBrunswick,forexample,variouspesticideshavebeensprayedinthepast25yearsineffortstocontrolthesprucebudworm,aneconomicallysignificantpest.ScientistshavenowinvestigatedtheeffectsofthesprayingofMatacil,oneoftheanti-budwormagentsthat

isleasttoxictoinsect-pollinators.TheystudiedMatacil‘effectssoninsectmortalityinawidevarietyofwildinsectspeciesandonplantfecundity,expressedasthepercentageofthetotalflowersonanindividualplantthatactuallydevelopedfruitandboreseeds.TheyfoundthatthemostpronouncedmortalityafterthesprayingofMataciloccurredamongthesmallerbeesandonefamilyofflies,insectsthatwereallimportantpollinatorsofnumerousspeciesofplantsgrowingbeneaththetreecanopyofforests.Thefecundityofplantsinonecommonindigenousspecies,thered-osierdogwood,wassignificantlyreducedinthesprayedareasascomparedtothatofplantsincontrolplotswhereMatacilwasnotsprayed.Thisspeciesishighlydependentontheinsect-pollinatorsmostvulnerabletoMatacil.Thecreepingdogwood,aspeciessimilartothered-osierdogwood,butwhichispollinatedbylargebees,suchasbumblebees,showednosignificantdeclineinfecundity.SincelargebeesarenotaffectedbythesprayingofMatacil,theseresultsaddweighttotheargumentthatsprayingwherethepollinatorsaresensitivetothepesticideuseddecreasesplantfecundity.

 

Thequestionofwhetherthedecreaseinplantfecunditycausedbythesprayingofpesticidesactuallycausesadeclineintheoverallpopulationoffloweringplantspeciesstillremainsunanswered.Plantspeciesdependentsolelyonseedsforsurvivalordispersalareobviouslymore

814阅读及英美文学、语言学基础第1页,共15页

 

vulnerabletoanydecreaseinplantfecunditythatoccurs,whateveritscause.If,ontheotherhand,vegetativegrowthanddispersal(bymeansofshootsorrunners)areavailableasalternativereproductivestrategiesforaspecies,thendecreasesinplantfecunditymaybeoflittleconsequence.Thefecundityeffectsdescribedherearelikelytohavethemostprofoundimpactonplantspecieswithallfourofthefollowingcharacteristics:

ashortlifespan,anarrowgeographicrange,anincapacityforvegetativepropagation,andadependenceonasmallnumberofinsect-pollinatorspecies.Perhapsweshouldgivespecialattentiontotheconservationofsuchplantspeciessincetheylackkeyfactorsintheirdefensesagainsttheenvironmentaldisruptioncausedbypesticideuse.

 

1.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainpointofthepassage?

A)Speciesinterdependenceisapointofweaknessforsomeplants,butisgenerallybeneficialtoinsectsinvolvedinpollination.

B)Effortstocontrolthesprucebudwormhavehaddeleteriouseffectsonthered-osierdogwood.

C)Theuseofpesticidesmaybeendangeringcertainplantspeciesdependentoninsectsforpollination.

D)Thesprayingofpesticidescanreducethefecundityofaplantspecies,butprobablydoesnotaffectitsoverallpopulationstability.

 

2.Accordingtotheauthor,afloweringplantspecieswhosefecundityhasdeclinedduetopesticidesprayingmaynotexperienceanoverallpopulationdeclineiftheplantspeciescandowhichofthefollowing?

A)Reproduceitselfbymeansofshootsandrunners.

B)Survivetotheendofthegrowingseason.

C)Surviveinharshclimates.

D)Respondtothefecunditydeclinebyproducingmoreflowers.

 

3.Thepassagesuggeststhatthelackofanobserveddeclineinthefecundityofthecreepingdogwoodstrengthenstheresearchersconclusionsregardingpesticideusebecausethe

A)creepingdogwoodisaspeciesthatdoesnotresembleotherforestplants

B)creepingdogwoodisaspeciespollinatedbyabroaderrangeofinsectspeciesthanaremostdogwoodspecies

C)creepingdogwoodgrowsprimarilyinregionsthatwerenotsprayedwithpesticide,andsoservedasacontrolfortheexperiment

D)creepingdogwoodissimilartothered-osierdogwood,butitsinsectpollinatorsareknownto

beinsensitivetothepesticideusedinthestudy

 

4.Itcanbeinferredthatwhichofthefollowingistrueofplantfecundityasitisdefinedinthepassage?

A)Aplant‘sfecunditydecreasesasthepercentageofunpollinatedflowersontheplantincreases.

B)Aplant‘sfecunditydecreasesasthenumberofflowersproducedbytheplantdecreases.

 

814阅读及英美文学、语言学基础第2页,共15页

 

C)Aplant‘sfecundityincreasesasthenumberofflowersproducedbytheplantincreases.

D)Aplant‘sfecundityisusuallylowiftheplantreliesonasmallnumberofinsectspeciesforpollination.

 

5.Whichofthefollowingassumptionsmostprobablyunderliestheauthor‘tentativesrecommendationinlines51-54?

A)Humanactivitiesthatresultinenvironmentaldisruptionshouldbeabandoned.

B)Theuseofpesticidesislikelytocontinueintothefuture.

C)Itiseconomicallybeneficialtopreserveendangeredplantspecies.

D)Preventingtheendangermentofaspeciesislesscostlythantryingtosaveanalreadyendangeredone.

 

Passage2

OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepast

quarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeand

seriousnessoftheirartscoverage.

Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortyto

imagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yeta

considerablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcentury

consistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.

WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEngland

th

betweentheturnofthe20centuryandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswould

writeindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.―Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,‖Newmanwrote,―thatIamtemptedtodefine?

journalism‘as?

ateamofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.‘‖

Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowroteforthe

ManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasa

writerofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland‘s

foremostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)became

abest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonoured.Yetonlyoneofhis

booksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.

IsthereanychancethatCardus‘scriticismwillenjoyarevival?

Theprospectseemsremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.

814阅读及英美文学、语言学基础第3页,共15页

 

6.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that

A)artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.

B)English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.

C)high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.

D)youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.

 

7.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedby

A)freethemes.

B)casualstyle.

C)elaboratelayout.

D)radicalviewpoints.

 

8.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?

A)Itiswriters‘dutytofulfiljournalisticgoals.

B)Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.

C)Writersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.

D)Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.

 

9.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?

A)Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.

B)Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.

C)Hisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.

D)Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.

 

10.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A)NewspapersoftheGoodOldDays

B)TheMostHorizoninNewspapers

C)MournfulDeclineofJournalism

D)ProminentCriticsinMemory

 

Passage3

Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:

theaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormouslosses,andit‘sjustnotfair.

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