Lecture for Otc 12.docx
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LectureforOtc12
●AncientChinesePhilosophy—thesoulofChinesetraditionalculture
Confucianism
Ⅷ.ConfucianClassics
TheGreatLearning
ItisachapterfromtheClassicofRites.Itdealswithwayofgoverningtheworld.
TheDoctrineoftheMean
ItisanotherchapterfromtheClassicofRites.Thepurposeofthissmall,33-chapterbookistodemonstratetheusefulnessofagoldenwaytogainperfectvirtue.
TheAnalectsofConfucius
TheAnalectsofConfuciusarearecordofthewordsandactsofthecentralChinesethinkerandphilosopherConfuciusandhisdisciples,aswellasthediscussionstheyheld.
TheBookofMencius
ItisacollectionofanecdotesoftheConfucianthinkerandphilosopherMenciusandhisconversationswithkingsofhistime.
Taoism
PhilosophicalTaoism
Ⅰ.TheFounderofPhilosophicalTaoism
BiographyofLaozi(老子的生平)
ThefirstrecordofthebiographyofLaoziisfoundintheShiji,orRecordsoftheHistorian,bySimaQian.Withinthebiographyarethreestories.
①Storyone:
老子者,楚苦县厉乡曲仁里人也,姓李氏,名耳,字聃,周守藏室之史也。
—《史记·老子韩非列传》
周守藏室之史:
anarchivistorlibrarianatthecourtofZhou
LaozioriginatedfromtheQurenlineighborhoodofLiVillage,CountyofKu,intheStateofChu.HisfamilynamewasLiandhisgivennamewasEr;hewasstyledDan.Asanadult,hewasinchargeoftheroyalarchivesinZhou.
Names
LiEr(李耳)
BoYang(伯阳)
LiDan(李聃)
ElderDan(老聃)
SeniorLord(老君)
SeniorLordLi(李老君)
SeniorLordTaishang(太上老君)
TaoistLordLaoZi(老子道君)
SupremeMysteriousandPrimordialEmperor
(太上玄元皇帝)
②Storytwo:
孔子适周,将问礼于老子。
Once,ConfuciuswenttoZhouandconsultedwithLaozionritualmatters.
老子曰:
“良贾深藏若虚,君子盛德、容貌若愚。
去子之骄气与多欲,态色与淫志,是皆无益于子之身。
”
Laozi'sresponsewasacritiqueofConfucius'steachings. LaozitellsConfuciustogiveuphisstiffdeportmentandpridefulairs.
孔子去,谓弟子曰:
“鸟,吾知其能飞;鱼,吾知其能游;兽,吾知其能走。
走者可以为罔,游者可以为纶,飞者可以为矰。
至于龙吾不能知,其乘风云而上天。
吾今日见老子,其犹龙邪!
”
ConfuciusisreportedtohavepraisedLaozi’swisdomandtohavecomparedhimtoadragonwhoseabilitieswerebeyondhisunderstanding.
③Storythree:
老子修道德,其学以自隐无名为务。
居周之久,见周之衰,迺遂去。
至关,关令尹喜曰:
“子将隐矣,强为我著书。
”于是老子迺著书上下篇,言道德之意五千余言而去,莫知其所终。
LaozicultivatedDaoandDe.Inhisstudieshestrovetoconcealhimselfandbeunknown.HelivedinZhouforalongtime,butseeingitsdecline,hedecidedtoleave;whenhereachedthepass,thekeepersaidtohim,‘Sir,youareabouttoretire.Youmustmakeanefforttowriteusabook.’SoLaoziwroteabookintwopian(篇,volumes,parts)settingoutthemeaningoftheDaoandDeinsomefivethousandcharacters,andthenhedeparted.Nooneknewwherehewenttointheend.
Conclusion:
1.Hewasanarchivistorlibrarianattheroyalcourtof Zhou;
2.HewasvisitedbyConfuciusandtalkedaboutrites;
3.Hepreachedtheretirementfromtheworld;
4.Heleftthecourt,wrotetheDaodejing,anddisappearedwithoutatrace.
Work:
Daodejing(TaoTeChing)
TheDaodejingistheclassictextofDaoism.ThiswasthefirstworkwithacomprehensivephilosophicalsysteminthehistoryofChinesephilosophy,expandingthescopeofman'sthinkingfromlifetotheuniverseasawhole.
Translation:
theClassicoftheWayandItsVirtue
Legendaryauthor:
ThebookisattributedtoLaozi,the
fatherofTaoism,sothebookis
alsocalledtheLaozi.
Originalpurposeofthebook:
—ahandbookforrulers
—areligiousguidebook
—apracticalguideforlivinginharmonywiththeuniverse
Thefeatureofthebook:
brevityanduseofanalogyandparadox(悖论)
e.g.
上善若水
将欲歙之,必故张之;将欲弱之,必故强之;将欲废之,必故兴之;将欲取之,必故与之。
Structureofthebook:
ItisashortbookofaboutfivethousandChinesecharactersconsistingoftwoparts:
—TheBookaboutTao:
chapters1-37withanemphasisonphilosophy.
—TheBookofTe:
chapters38-81withanemphasisonpoliticsandmilitaryaffairs.
Ⅱ.BeliefsofPhilosophicalTaoism
①Tao/Dao
Thefeaturesof“Tao”:
—Taoisundefinable,unlimited,andunnamable.
道可道,非常道;
名可名,非常名。
无名,天地之始;
有名,万物之母。
TheTaothatcanbetoldofisnottheeternalTao;
Thenamethatcanbenamedisnottheeternalname.
TheNamelessistheoriginofHeavenandEarth;
TheNamedisthemotherofallthings.
—Taoisthesourceoftheuniverseandmakesallthethingsintheuniverse.
有物混成,先天地生。
寂兮寥兮,独立而不改,
周行而不殆,可以为天地母。
吾不知其名,强字之曰道。
道生一,一生二,二生三,三生万物。
Taoproducedtheone.
Theoneproducedthetwo.
Thetwoproducedthethree.
Andthethreeproducedthetenthousandthings.
②Wuwei
InDaodejing,WuweiisoneofthecharacteristicsoftheTao.
为学日益,为道日损。
损之又损,以至于无为。
无为而无不为。
取天下常以无事,
及其有事,不足以取天下。
—《道德经》第四十八章
Inthepursuitoflearning,everydaysomethingisacquired.
InthepursuitofTao,everydaysomethingisdropped.
Lessandlessisdone
Untilnon-actionisachieved.
Whennothingisdone,nothingisleftundone.
Theworldisruledbylettingthingstaketheircourse.
Itcannotberuledbyinterfering.
Wu-wei
Translation:
nonaction,inactionornondoing
“为无为,事无事,味无味。
”
—《道德经》第六十三章
Meaning:
Wu-weimeanstakingnoactionthatisnotnatural,thatisagainsttheoriginalnatureandwishesofthepeople.
Evaluation:
Wu-weiisastateofmindaswellasaprincipletowardslife.
WuweiisanimportantpoliticalviewduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod
ReligiousTaoism
Ⅰ.SectsofReligiousTaoism
•theCelestialMastersmovement(天师道),alsoknownastheFivePiculesofRice(五斗米道)
•TaiPingTao(太平道)
•theCompleteRealitySect(全真教)
•theOrthodoxSect(正一教)
ReligiousTaoism(道教):
AfamilyoforganizedChinesereligiousmovementsoriginatingfromtheCelestialMastersmovement(天师道)duringthelateHanDynastyandlaterincludingthe"Orthodox"(正一教)and"CompleteReality"sects(全真教),whichclaimlineagesgoingbacktoLaoZi(老子)orZhangDaolinginthelateHanDynasty.
Ⅱ.BeginningofReligiousTaoism
FivePiculesofRice(五斗米道)
Background
Time:
EasternHanDynasty
Founder:
ZhangLing(张陵)
Originalname:
midao(米道)
Influence:
IthadgreatimpactonthethinkingoftheChinesepeople,aswellasonthepolitical,economicandculturallifeofthecountry.
Ⅲ.Gods/Goddesses
Citygodsortowngods(城隍)aredeitiesinChinesemythology,responsiblefortheaffairsofthecity.
Taoism
PhilosophicalTaoism
Ⅲ.Gods/Goddesses
Citygodsortowngods(城隍)aredeitiesinChinesemythology,responsiblefortheaffairsofthecity.
TuDiGong(土地公),alsoknownasTuDi(土地)orTuGong(土公),isanindigenousearthgodworshippedinChina.TuDiGongisportrayedasanelderlymanwithalongwhitebeard,ablackorgoldhatandaredoryellowrobe,whichsignifieshispositionasabureaucrat.Hecarriesawoodenstaffinhisrighthandandagoldeningot(金锭)ontheleft.
TheKitchenGod,namedZaoJun(灶君)orZaoShen(灶神),isbelievedtobeinchargeofeveryhousehold’sfortuneandmisfortune.
Adoorgod(门神)isaChinesedecorationplacedoneachsideofanentrytoatemple,home,business,etc.,whichisbelievedtokeepevilspiritsfromentering.
TheThreeStars:
Fustarisgenerallydepictedinscholar'sdress,holdingascroll,onwhichissometimeswrittenthecharacter"Fu".Hemayalsobeseenholdingachild,orsurroundedbychildren.
Lustarisusuallydepictedinthedressofamandarin.
Shoustarisusuallyshownsmilingandfriendly,andhemaysometimesbecarryingapeach.
TheEightImmortals
“LiketheEightimmortalscrossingthesea,eachdisplayshis/herspecialprowess.”
ZhangGuolao:
anoldmanridingadonkey,carryingtwodrumsticks
HanZhongli:
afatmanwithhisbarebellyshowing,alwayscarryingafanandsometimesapeach
HanXiangzi:
ahappyimmortalthatisalwaysseenplayingaflute
HeXiangu:
OneoftwofemaleImmortals,carryingwithheramagicallotusflower.
LanCaihe:
thesecondwomanamongsttheImmortals,wearingatatteredbluegownandonlyoneshoewithabasketofflowersinhand
LiTieguai:
alamebeggarcarryingagourd
LuDongbing:
uponhisbackhewearsamagicswordandinhishandhecarriesaflybrush
CaoGuojiu:
wearingformalcourtdressandcarryingcastanets
Ⅳ.Beliefs
Yin-yang
Definition:
InChinesephilosophy,theconceptofyin-yangisusedtodescribethetwocomplementaryforcesorprinciplesthatmakeupallaspectsandphenomenaoflife.Togethertheyexpresstheinterdependenceofopposites.
Yin-yangTheory
●Yin-yangareopposing(阴阳的对立制约)
Yinandyangdescribetheopposingqualitiesinphenomena.
●Yin-yangaremutuallyrooted(阴阳的互根依存)
Yinandyangaretwocomplementaryqualities.
●Yin-yangmutuallytransform(阴阳的相互转化)
Themaximumeffectofonequalitywillbefollowedbythetransitiontowardtheopposingquality.Thisisaprocessofqualitativechange.
●Yin-yangmutuallywaxandwane(阴阳的消长平衡)
TheYinandyangaspectsareindynamicbalance.Thisisaprocessofquantitativechange.
Wuxing“五行”
Definition:
Wuxingisasystemoffivephasesusedfordescribinginteractionsandrelationshipsbetweenphenomena.
Therelationshipbetweenthefiveelements:
TheGeneratingCycle
WoodfeedsFire;
FirecreatesEarth;
EarthbearsMetal;
MetalcarriesWater;
WaternourishesWood.
TheOvercomingCycle
WoodpartsEarth;
EarthabsorbsWater;
WaterquenchesFire;
FiremeltsMetal;
MetalchopsWood.
Bagua“八卦”
Definition:
TheBagua(八卦)areeighttrigramsusedtorepresentarangeofinterrelatedconcepts.Eachconsistsofthreelines,eacheither"broken"or"unbroken,"representingayinlineorayangline,respectively.Duetotheirtripartitestructure,theyareoftenreferredtoas"trigrams"inEnglish.
SourcesofBagua
●"Fuxi"bagua(伏羲八卦)or"EarlierHeaven"(先天八卦)
无极生有极、有极是太极、
太极生两仪、即阴阳;
两仪生四象:
即少阴、太阴、少阳、太阳
四象演八卦、八八六十四卦
TheLimitless(Wuji)producesthedelimited,andthisistheAbsolute(Taiji).
TheTaijiproducestwofo