写作教程总结.docx

写作教程总结.docx

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写作教程总结

Unit1theCorrectWord

Focus

DenotationandConnotation

1.Denotationreferstotheliteralandprimarymeaningofaword-thedefinitionyoufindinadictionary.

2.Connotationreferstotheimpliedorsuggestedmeaningofaword.

Wecanlistsomewordstocompareitsdifferentmeaningofdenotationandconnotation.

Word

Denotation

Connotation

Sentence（connotation）

gold

Akindofmaterialsource

Expensive,moneywealth

Goldnowisveryexpensive.

moon

Thenaturalbodythatmovesaroundtheearthonce28days.

Beautylonely,coldness,purity,tranquility

Manyyearspastshestillkeepacharitylikethemoon.

ice

Waterfrozensothatithasbecomesolid.

Coldness,indifferencecruelty,death,etc

Theiceinhisvoicewasonlytohidethepain.

blood

Redliquidflowingthroughthebodiesofhumanoranimal

Relationship,death,descent,race,temperament

Bloodisthickthanwater.

winter

Aseason

Coldness,tired,upset

Pleasewalkoutyouwinteroflife,justsmiletoyourlife.

Attitude:

whenwewriteinEnglish,wehavetobecarefulwithsomeemotionallyloaded.wordsthatcanrevealthewriter’sattitude.

Wecandividethewordsattitudeintothreeparts:

1commendatory\positive2neutral3derogatory\pejorative

Commendatory

Neutral

Pejorative

quaint

strange

bizarre

persist

stubborn

pigheaded

compliment

praise

flattering

Seniorcitizen

Oldperson

fossil

Bachelorgirl

Singlegirl

spinster

Collocation:

fixedcombinationofwords

Thereareseveraltypesofcollocation:

+N（followthefashion）2.A+N（abrilliantsuccess）+AD（thinkalike）+N（theanswertoaquestion）5.V+PREP（thinkofanidea）

FalseFriends

Advise（v）vs.advice（n）angel（天使）vs.angle（角度）capital（首都，资金）vs.capitol（国会大厦）

Complement（补充）vs.compliment（称赞）credible（可信的，确实的）vs.credulous（轻信的，易受骗的）getknowledge（t）vs.learnknowledge（f）

Grammar

Subject-Verbagreement

1whenthesubjectiscompound

Workandplayareequallyimportant.

Hamandeggsismyfavoritebreakfast.

（1）由and或both…and连接的并列结构作主语时，如果意义为复数，谓语动词用复数；如果作主语的并列结构不是指两个或两个以上的人或物，而是表示单数，则动词用单数；and与each等限定词时，随后动词用单数。

（2）由neither…nornotonly…butalso连接的并列结构作主语，随后动词形式常遵循就近原则。

（3）主语后用alongwith,togetherwith引导等词组，动词形式根据主语形式而定。

2Whenthesubjectexpressesquantity

（1）有manya等限定词，其后动词形式为单数

（2）apair,heapof后动词多接单数形式

3whenthesubjectisarelativepronoun,awhat-clause,orinthethere-bestructure

（1）以nominalclause作主语，随后动词通常用单数

（2）relativeclause中谓语动词单复数形式通常以关系代词先行项的形式而定

（3）therebe谓语动词单复数形式取决于所后的

Unit2TheAppropriateWord

Focus

Style:

inEnglish,wordscanbe,roughly,formal,general,colloquial,andslangintermsofstyle.

Formalandgeneral

Formalwordsarenotascommonasgeneralwords,whichformthebasisofthevocabularyandareusedforeverydaycommunication.

formal

general

fracture

break

lucid

clear

terminate

end

corpulent

fat

facilitate

Makeeasy

verify

prove

concur

agree

Notice:

acommonbeliefamongstudentsisthatformalityisavirtue,butthebestpolicyistousegeneralwordsinmostcasesandformalwordsinspecific,formalcontexts.

Colloquialandslang

Well,now,youknow,I’dliketosay,oh,maygod,Ithink….whichcanbeusedincolloquial,andcontractionandabbreviationalsocanbeused.Butinsomeformalconstitutionwe’dbetternotuseit.

Notice:

thecolloquialstyletakesalessprominentrole,therefore,formostwritingtasks,itmaynotbeideal.Toomuchslangcanmakeapassagelooseandunserious;somemayevensoundodd.

Styleandaudience

Theformalstyleischaracterizedbyextensivevocabulary,frequentuseofformalandabstractwords,absenceofslangandalmostnocontractionorclippedwords.

Theinformalstyleischaracterizedbyvocabulariesrangingfromformaltocolloquialbutmostlygeneral,andoccasionalandclippedwords.

Differentstyleareusedtoaddressdifferentaudiencesandondifferentoccasions.

Chinglish:

itreferstotheunidiomaticuseofEnglishbyChinesespeaker

Avoidliteraltranslation

chinglish

diomatic

Bigfilm

blockbuster

Earlylove

Puppylove

Convenientnoodles

Instantnoodles

Fistproduct

Knockoutproduct

Onesexgoods

Disposablegoods

Grasptheconnotation

请帮我们（宣传）一下这个新产品。

Pleasehelpustopropagatethisnewproduct.

Propagateshouldbereplacedbypromote

他遇事总是先想着自己，真是太个人主义了

Heisself-concernedandindividualistic。

Individualisticshouldbereplacedbyselfishness

Grammar

Pronouns

1Subjectivevs.objective

Subjective:

Isheyouheitwhowhomthey

Objective:

meheryouhiswhomwhosethemits

2Singularvs.plural

3Pointofviewisusedtodescribetheperspectiveinwriting.

Unit3theBetterWord

Focus

Conciseness（Brevityisthesoulofwit.）

Tip:

1eliminateorexpressionrewritethatrepeatthesamepoint

2cutoutunnecessaryintensifiers

3avoidoverusingthenounformsofverbs

4changephraseintosinglewords

5changeunnecessary“that,whoandwhich”clauseintophrases.

Notice:

redundancyisnotalwayseasytospot.thebestwayistoproofreadyourwritingcarefullyandtrytofindwords,phrasesorevensentencethatarenotessential.

Preciseness：

Theconcretenessofexpression

Generalwordsconveyinexactintangibleandoftenabstractconceptswhereasspecificwordsprovideprecise,sensoryorconcretedetails.

Forexample:

itwasfinelastweekend,sowewenttothecountrysideandhadagoodtime.Wesawmanythingsandpeoplethere.Andwehadawonderfultime.

Improved:

Itwasawonderfulandrelaxedweekend,wedriveourprivateandspaciouscartothecountryside,therewewereaenjoyableandrelaxtime.Wesawsomanypeoplewhoweariedplainandsimpleclothesandtherearesomuchinterestingtingslikeassemblyandfolkdance.We’rewelcomedbypassionatevillagerandhaddeliciousdinnerwiththem.Thatwasreallyamemorableandwonderfultime.

Effectiveness

SentenceBaseUnit4

Focus

Thesentencebase,whichislikethetrunkofatree,consistsofatleastonesubjectandoneverb.

Subject:

tochooseagoodsubjectisthefirstcrucialstepinsentencewriting,telluswhoorwhatisresponsibleforanaction,feelings,andstateorprocess.

Positionofthesubject:

Thesubjectisusually,throughnotalways,putatthebeginningofasentence.

Thesubjectofadeclarativesentence-asentencethatmakesastatement–usuallyprecedestheverb.butinonesituation,itfollowstheverb,（Inthecenterofthepaintingstandsaladyinwhite.）

Voice:

thevoiceofaverbdependsontherelationbetweentheverbanditssubject.whenthesubjectacts,theverbisintheactivevoice;whenthesubjectisactedupon,theverbisinthepassivevoice.

1Choosingtheactivevoice

Theactivevoicestressestheactivityofthesubjectandhelpstomakeasentencedirect,concise,andvigorous.

2Choosingthepassivevoice

Thoughtheactivevoiceismorecommonlyusedinwriting,thepassivevoicemaybemoresuitableforthefollowing:

1whentheagentisfollowedbyalongmodifier,weusethepassivevoicetoavoidsuspensionoftheverb

2thepassivealsousedtokeepthefocusoftwosentences

Grammar

Tense

1Thesimplepresent:

a表示现在的状态，b表经常或习惯性动作，c表主语具备的性格和功能d普遍真理和自然规律e表示将来和过去时间

2Sequenceoftenses:

simplepresent,simplepast,presentprogressive,pastprogressive,presentperfective,pastperfective,presentperfectiveprogressive,pastperfectiveprogressive

Mood:

theindicativemood,theimperativemood,thesubjunctivemood

Thesubjunctivemood:

Ingrammar,thesubjunctivemood（abbreviatedsjvorsbjv）isaverbmoodtypicallyusedinsubordinateclausestoexpressvariousstatesofunrealitysuchaswish,emotion,possibility,judgment,opinion,necessity,oractionthathasnotyetoccurred.Itissometimesreferredtoastheconjunctivemood,asitoftenfollowsaconjunction

Unit5ExpandedSentenceBase

Focus

Attributes:

wordsorphrasesusedtonarrowdownordescribenounsarecalledattributes.

Whatcanbeusedasattribute

ADeterminers:

referstowordsthatareusedtodefinethereferentialmeaningofanounoranominalphrase.

Itincludedarticles,possessiveanddemonstrativepronouns,andcardinalandordinalnumerals.

Badjectivesarethemostcommonattributes.

Forexample:

hairyanimals,aredrose

Cnouns:

mostofthemindicatethefeatureofthenounmodified.

Forexample:

Herboyfriendisafashiondesigner.

D-ingforms:

todescribethefunction,feature,ortoindicatethepresentstateofthenoun.

Wealllikehersmilingface.

E–edforms

Heonlydrinksimportedwine.

Finfinitives:

nowitmustbeplacedafterthenoun.

Doyouhaveafriendtotalkto.

Gprepositionalphrases:

itisplacedafterthenounitmodifiers.

Ican’tstandthatsillyadfordogfood,canyou

RelativeClauses

Whyuserelativeclause:

tomakethenounseithermoreexactormorevivid;wecandirectreaders’attentiontothemainclause

MysonlikedthetoycarverymuchwhichIboughtforhisbirthday.

ThetoycarwaslikedbymysonverymuchwhichIboughtformyson.

Writingcorrectrelativeclauses

RULE1wheretheantecedentreferstoathing

ForexampleA+that\which+clause\

RULE2wheretheantecedentreferstoaperson

ForexampleA+that\who+clause\

RULE3wheretheantecedentisusedaspossessiveintheclause

ForexampleA+whose+clause

RULE4wheretheantecedentreferstoatime

ForexampleA+when+clause

RULE5wheretheantecedentreferstoaplace

ForexampleA+where\（in\at+which）+clause

RULE6wheretheantecedentreferstoacause

ForexampleA+why+clause

RULE7wheretheantecedentreferstoamanner

ForexampleA+inwhich+clause

RULE8wheretheantecedentreferstothemainclauseasawhole

Foeexampleprecedingsentence+which+clause

Rule9wheretherelativeclausehasnorelativeword

Iftherelati