土木 建筑外文文献翻译 中英文地下建筑结构.docx

土木 建筑外文文献翻译 中英文地下建筑结构.docx

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土木建筑外文文献翻译中英文地下建筑结构

Constructionofrockorsoilintheconstruction.Itisamoderncityofhigh-speedproductdevelopment,thecitywillagaineasethecontradictionsoftheroletoimprovethelivingenvironment,butalsoopenedupnewhumanlife.Rationaldevelopmentandutilizationofhumannaturalandartificialexcavationoftheundergroundspace,notonlyhelptoeasethedevelopmentofmodernurbancontradictions,toimprovethelivingenvironment,butalsotoopenupanewhumanlife.Becauseofthelarge-scaledevelopmentofundergroundconstruction,undergroundarchitectureistakingshape,itsresearchincludesthehistoryofdevelopmentofundergroundconstructionanddevelopmentofundergroundspacedevelopmentandutilizationofundergroundspaceinurbanplanning,varioustypesofundergroundconstructionplanninganddesign,aswellasundergroundconstructionandrelatedenvironmental,physiological,psychologicalandtechnicalissues.

Undergroundconstructionhasagoodprotectiveperformance,betterthermalstabilityandconfined,aswellasanintegratedeconomic,socialandenvironmentalbenefits.Undergroundconstructioninacertainthicknessofrockorsoil,youcanavoidorreducenuclearweapons,conventionalweapons,chemicalandbiologicalweaponsofdestruction,whileatthesametimemoreeffectivelytoresistearthquakes,hurricanesandothernaturaldisasters.Undergroundconstructioninandaroundtheconfinedenvironmentofrelativelystableexistenceofthetemperaturefield,temperature,orforcreatingultra-cleanmanufacturingenvironmentandatlowtemperaturesorunderhigh-temperaturestorageofmaterials,pollutionprevention,especiallyforenergyconservationaswell.Inthecityplannedtheconstructionofundergroundconstruction,urbanlanduseforsavings,lowerbuildingdensity,toimproveurbantransportation,theexpansionofgreenspace,reduceurbanpollutionandimprovethequalityofurbanlife,etc.,canplayanimportantrole.Undergroundconstructionalsohasshortcomings,suchasconstructioncostsarehigh,theconstructioncomplicated.

ABriefHistoryofthedevelopmentofundergroundancienttimes,humanshavebeenanti-yearsuseofnaturalcaves,andsheltertoescapethebeast.ZhoukoudianinChinafoundthatmorethan50millionyearsago,PekingManlivedincavesinthenatural.AccordingtoYangshaoCultureandLongshanCulturefoundinarchaeologicalsites,toprovethatsince7000~5000yearsago,beganlivingdugcaves,fromthesimplebag-shapedtoroundorsquaresemi-crypt,abovetheroofofasimple.Later,thebeginningoftheconstructionofhousingontheground,cavegraduallyceasedtobethemainmodeoflivinghumanbeings.However,theancienttombsonthegroundinaccordancewiththeconstructionmethodinundergroundconstruction.Somegrainisalsobuiltintheground,suchastheSuiDynastyinLuoyangwarehousecontainingKerry.NorthwestChina,NorthChinaLoessPlateauregion,asaresultofexcavationloessandclimate-friendlydrycavetraditioncontinuestothisday.Estimatedthattherearestillmorethan35millionpopulationliveinthecave.

Aftertheindustrialrevolution,asaresultofminingandthedevelopmentoftransport,mines,roadways,highways,tunnels,railwaytunnelshavebeenbuilt.London,Englandin1863intoacityoftheworld'sfirstundergroundrailway.DuringWorldWarII,theprotectionofundergroundconstructioninthesuperiorityofattention,someveteransoftheimportantmilitaryinstallationsandarmsfactories,warehouses,etc.,builtintheground,andtheconstructionoftheair-raidshelterfortheresidents.Sincethelate50s,asaresultofeconomicdevelopmentandscientificandtechnologicalprogress,therapidincreaseinurbanpopulation,theincreasinglyseriousenvironmentalpollution,energycrisisandtheexistenceofthedangerofwarandotherfactors,undergroundconstructioninJapan,theUnitedStates,Sweden,theFederalRepublicofGermany,France,Switzerland,Norway,Canada,China,theSovietUnionandmanyothercountries,withhighspeedandlarge-scaledevelopment.Duetogeographical,socialdevelopment,economicdevelopmentandstrategicdirectionofthedifferencesinthinking,thedevelopmentofundergroundconstructionandthestartingpointtosolvethedifferentconflicts.Atpresent,theworldhasmorethan80citiesintheconstructionofanundergroundrailway,aswellasmanycitiesareunderconstruction.China,theSovietUnion,Switzerland,Sweden,Finlandandothercountriesfromthecombatreadinessrequirementsoftheconstructionofalargenumberofundergroundcivilairdefenseprojects,someinpeacetimefortheuseofvarioustypesofpublicbuildings.Japan,theFederalRepublicofGermanyandFrance,landofsmaller,highlyconcentratedinbigcities,cityhighlightsvariouscontradictions,sotheconstructionofthegroundfloorofalargenumberofhigh-speedtransportationnetworkandtheMassTransitStreet,theundergroundcommercialcenter.TheUnitedStatesfromthemid-70stothegroundfloorofthebuildingasenergy-savingmeasures,thedevelopmentofasemi-undergroundsoilbuilding,withtheexceptionoftheneedtostayoutoftheplane,Chaoyang,housingalltheotherpartsofthesoilwithacertainthicknessofburiedorcoveredcombinedwiththeuseofsolarenergytoobtainmorethan50%ofenergy-savingeffect.Lackofnationalenergyuseofalargenumberofundergroundstorageofenergyasastrategicreserve,suchasSweden,Finlandandothercountriesblockedtheconstructionofthegroundwateroil（orgas）arealarge-scaledatabase,asinglestoragecapacityhasmorethanonemillioncubicmeters.Sweden,Norway,Italyandothercountriesrichinwaterresources,manybuiltinthegroundstationtoincreasethewatergap.Canada'scoldclimate,soinlargecities,thedevelopmentofundergroundcommercialcenterofthecityofMontrealhasafewundergroundcommercialcenterevenasaconstructionareaof810,000squaremeters,forminganundergroundcity.Inaddition,industrializedcountriesalsopaidattentiontotheprotectionofundergroundconstructiontoplaythetraditionalstyleofthecitytoimprovetheurbanenvironment,urbanspace,etc.toexpandthepositiveroleplayedby.Forexample,thecityofNagoya,Japaninconjunctionwithurbanroadsalteration,inthegroundlayoutofthecommercialstreetandparkinglot,stayoutofthegroundinadditiontothenecessarypedestrians,carriageway,inthecentralpartoftheparkintoalarge-scalecitycenter.Otherfactors,suchasTokyo,Osakaandotherplacesarealsoprovidedwiththeundergroundbusinessstreet.AnotherexampleistheUniversityoftheUnitedStatesanumberofhistoricalbuildingsandstructuresinordertopreservetheunityofstyleandeasetensionintheland,theconstructionofanumberofundergroundconstruction,suchaslibrary,gymnasium,teachingMuseum（Figure2）,achievinggoodresults.Thesefactsreflectthetiefbauincreasinglywiderangeofapplications.

Undergroundconstructionofthetypeofundergroundconstructioncanbeclassifiedaccordingtothefunctionsofmilitary,civil,airworks,industry,transportandcommunications,storageandotherbuildings,andundergroundutilities.Forexample:

intheconstructionofmilitaryfortificationscanbeusedforshooting,observationofconstruction,shelterconstruction,etc.）,incivilconstruction,includingresidentialbuildings,publicbuildings,avarietyofcivilairdefenseengineering,industrialconstruction,transportationandcommunicationconstruction,warehouseconstruction,aswellasthetypesofundergroundutilities,suchasundergroundwaterplant,solidorliquidwastetreatmentplant,pipelineandothercorridors.Severalfeaturesofbothlarge-scaleundergroundconstructionknownastheundergroundcomplex.Tiefbauclassifiedaccordingtoconstructionmethod,therearetwotypesofopenexcavationandmining.Openexcavationcompletelybackfilledafterconstruction,theabovedidnotbuildanybuildings,knownassingle-builtundergroundconstruction;abovetobuildotherbuildings,knownastheattachedundergroundconstruction.Openexcavationbackfillthelatterpartoftheconstruction,soilorbulldozers,andasbulldozersbuildingconstructionorsoil.Undergroundminingconstruction,usuallyinthedeeperlayersofrockordiggingintotherequiredspaceformorethanacertainthicknessatthetopofthenaturalcover.Inaddition,Chinaalsohasahabitofclassificationmethods,intotheundergroundtunneltype,tunnel-type（usuallymining）,openingceremony（equivalenttoasingleopenexcavationbuilt）andthebasementair（thatisattachedopenexcavation）.Roadtunnelandthemaindifferenceisthattherelationshipbetweeninsideandoutsidethegroundelevation,internalthanexternal,asthetunnel,whichislowerthantheoutsideastheauthentic.

Undergroundconstructionofthedesignrequirementsfortheundergroundarchitecturaldesignrequirements:

①chooseengineeringgeologicalandhydrogeologicalconditionsofagoodplace.Undergroundconstructionoftheplanninganddesign,mustbecompleteandaccurateinformationbasedonGeologicalSurvey,fulluseofthefavorablegeologicalconditions,toavoidunfavorablefactors.Arrangementinthesoilinthegroundfloorofbuildings,shouldbechosenwithacertaincapacity,andrelativelyuniformthicksoillayer,avoidingthebackfilllayer,layerofmud,sandandotherstreamingsites;intherockshouldbechosenhomogeneouslithology,structuresimple,thickstonerockhardtoavoidthefaultfracturezone,seismiczoneandinstability,suchastheslope.Intheplainareas,shouldpayattentiontochangesingroundwaterlevelanditsdirec