电子商务外文翻译文献.docx
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电子商务外文翻译文献
文献信息:
文献标题:
ELECTRONICCOMMERCE(电子商务)
国外作者:
ĐerićSlavko
文献出处:
《Economics》,2017,4
字数统计:
英文2060单词,11447字符;中文3455汉字
外文文献:
ELECTRONICCOMMERCE
SUMMARYElectroniccommercecanbedefinedindifferentways.Anydefinitionhelpstounderstandandexplainthatconceptasbetteraspossible.Electroniccommerceisasetofproceduresandtechnologiesthatautomatethetasksoffinancialtransactionsusingelectronicmeans.Also,accordingtosomeauthors,electroniccommerceisdefinedasanewconcept,whichisbeingdevelopedandwhichincludesprocessofbuyingandsellingorexchangingproducts,servicesorinformationviacomputernetworks,includingtheInternet.Electroniccommerceisnotlimitedjusttobuyingandselling,butitalsoincludesallpre-salesandafter-salesongoingactivitiesalongthesupplychain.Introducingelectroniccommerce,usingtheInternetandWebservicesinbusiness,realizesthewaytoacompletelynewtypeofeconomy—interneteconomy.
Keywords:
electroniccommerce,development,purchase,sale,economy,Internet
INTRODUCTION
Today,developmentofmodernmeansofcommunication,especiallyelectronic,whichradicallychangetheexistingpowerrelationsandthepowerontheglobalmarket,haveasignificantroleinmoreevidentprocessofglobalization.Themagnitudeofimpactofthedevelopmentofcommunicationandinformationresourcesontheworldeconomymaybeimpliedbythefactthatitgoesintotraditionallaborintensiveactivities,wherebeforetherewerenotopportunitiesfortheapplicationofmoderninformationtechnology.
Managersoflargecompanies,aswellassmallandmedium-sizedenterprises,needtounderstandfirstofalltheimportance,aswellasmanyadvantagesthatuseofmoderndigitaltechnologyenablestheminthecreationofnewbusinessideasandtheirrealization.Inthenewdigitalerathebenefitsandopportunitiesofe-businessrepresentasignificantpotentialthatshouldbeusedinthebestandthemostefficientway.Thankstotheinternettherearesomechangesinthewayofbusiness,geographicalboundariesaredisappearing,languagebarriersandcurrencyrestrictionsarebeingboweddown.
ELECTRONICCOMMERCE
Today’swayofdoingbusinessiscompletelychanged,mostlythankstotheInternet.E-commercehasagreatroleintheprocessofglobalizationandinthedevelopmentofmodernmeansofcommunication,especiallyelectronic,byradicallychangingtheexistingpowerrelationsandthepowerontheglobalmarket.Inmodernbusinessthereisatransitionfrommechanicaltoelectronicphaseofbusiness.Besidesthetechnologicalaspectitisnecessarytoemphasizetheeconomicaspectanddefinee-commerceasanewmarketthatoffersnewtypesofgoodsandservices,suchasdigitalproductsthroughdigitalprocesses.Sellersofphysicalgoodsarealsobeingincludedindigitalprocesses,suchason-lineordering,marketresearchandpayment,whicharethepartsofthenewmarket.
Electroniccommerceistheexchangeofbusinessinformation,maintainingbusinessrelationships,andconductingbusinesstransactionsbetweendifferentorganizationsviatelecommunicationnetworksandismorethanasetofInternettechnologies.
E-commercecanbeviewedfromthenarrowerandwiderpointofview.InthenarrowsenseelectroniccommerceinvolvesbuyingandsellingthroughtheInternet,andinabroadersenseitincludestheexchangeofbusinessinformation,maintainingbusinessrelationships,andconductingbusinesstransactionsbymeansoftelecommunicationsnetworks.InfulfillingtasksituseselectroniccommunicationmediasuchastheInternet,extranets,e-mail,databaseandmobiletelephony.Electroniccommerceincludesseveralactivitiessuchaselectronicsalesandpurchasesofgoodsandservices,onlinedeliveryofdigitalcontent,electronicfundstransfer,publicprocurement,directconsumermarketingandotherafter-salesservices.Thebasisofe-businessisoftencalledafullydigitalbusinessanditcontainsthreecomponents:
product,processandparticipants,whichhavetwocomponents,physicalanddigital.EverythingthatcanbesentandreceivedviatheInternetisconsideredtobeadigitalproduct.
Electroniccommercecreatesnewmarketsandeconomicactivities,whicharecharacterizedbyrapidinformationprocessesandmarketdynamics.Electronicnetworksprovidetheinfrastructureforcollectinganddisseminatinginformation.Theyalsoserveasanewchannelforthesales,promotionofproductsandservicesdelivery.Moreover,networkintegrateinformationformanagingbusinessactivitiesatalllevelsofthecompanyandprovidenewelectronicconnectionswithcustomersandpartnersinthesupplychain.Anincreasingnumberofactivitiesthataddvaluetotheeconomytakeplaceincyberspacethroughgloballyconnectedelectronicnetworks.TheInternethasexpandedthepremisestowhichcompaniesreach.ManagerscandetectagreaternumberofbusinessopportunitiesduetoobtainingmanyadditionalbusinessinformationfromtheInternet.
ELECTRONICMARKET
Milicevic(2002)statesthattheInternetandnewinformationtechnologiesareleadingtorestructuringofmarketsonagloballevelandsomeindustrialandservicesectors.Aswellasontraditional(physical)market,alsoinelectronicmarket,customersandsellersexchangegoodsandservicesformoneyorothergoodsorservices,butonlyelectronically.Electronicmarketuseselectronictransactionsleadingtoanewwayofdistributionofproductsandservicestoultimateconsumers.Electronicmarketmeansaplacewhereelectroniccommerceisconducted,thatistosayanetworkofinteractionsandcommunicationwheretheinformation,products,servicesandpaymentsareexchanged.Inrecentyears,electronicmarketisgainingimportanceinthemodernwayofdoingbusiness.Whenitcomestoe-business,businesscenterisanetworkbasedonthelocationswheretherearecustomers,sellersandotherparticipantsandtheyallfindeachotherelectronicallyanddobusinessso.
MODELSOFELECTRONICCOMMERCE
Therearemanymodelsofelectroniccommercethatvaryaccordingtotherelationswhichexistbetweenparticipantsintrade(companies,customers,employees,government).Someofthemodelsare:
B2B,B2C,B2E,C2C,C2B,butlatelytherearealsomorecomplexformsthatarecreatedasacombinationandupdatingofexistingmodelssuchasB2B2CandC2B2C.
B2B(BusinesstoBusiness)istheautomatedexchangeofinformationbetweendifferentorganizations;
B2C(BusinesstoConsumer)meansthesaleofgoodsandservicestoendconsumers;
B2E(BusinesstoEmployee)isamodelwhichisalsoknownasIntranet,ortheWebsitethatgivesproductsorinformationtoemployees;
C2B(ConsumertoBusiness)isamodelwheretheconsumerrequestsaproductorservicefromtheseller;
C2C(ConsumertoConsumer)isamodelinwhichcustomersselltoeachother;
B2B2C(BusinesstoBusinesstoConsumer)isamodelthatisrealizedusingB2Bmodelthatsupportsthecompany’soperationsonthemodelofB2C;
C2B2C(ConsumertoBusinesstoConsumer)isamodelthatconnectsconsumersusingon-linecompanyasanintermediary.
LEGALISSUESSPECIFICTOELECTRONICCOMMERCE
Themostimportantlegalissuesspecifictoe-commerceare:
assigningdomainnames,taxcollectionfromincomesgeneratedelectronicallyandintellectualpropertyprotection.WhenassigningInternetaddressesordomainnames,problemsarisewhenseveralcompaniesthathavesimilarnamescompetearoundthedomain.Theproblemissolvedincourtorbeforeaninternationalarbitrationsystem.Federal,stateandlocalauthoritiesaretryingineverywaytocalculatehowtogetashareofrevenuegeneratedelectronically.Theproblemsareparticularlyprominentininternationaltrade,whenthequestioniswhereyouneedtopayataxforabusinesslicense,incometax,value-addedtax,theannualincometaxandthelike,aswellaswhocontrolsthecharge.ProtectionofsoftwareandotherintangiblecreationsisdifficulttobeimplementedovertheWeb,whichiswhytheissuesofcopyrightandprotectionofintellectualpropertyaresubjectsoffrequentdiscussions.OnesolutionmightbeataxthatisuniquetotheInternet,theso-called“bittax”.Theideaofthistaxisbasedonthefactthateachbitthattravelsthroughthenetworkrepresentsasubjecttotaxationataratethatisunique.Itcouldbecollectedintelephoneexchangesorattheserviceproviderandtobesubmittedtothecompetenttaxauthorities.However,suchataxwouldnottakeaccountofthenatureoftheinformationorgoodsthatarepurchased.ThelargestamountofbitsontheInternetbelongstothechildren’svideogameswhichareinmostcountries,wheree-businessisdeveloped,tax-exemptortaxedatthelowestrate.Itisalsounclearwhichgovernmentwouldtakeoverthetaxthatisaresultofcross-borderdataflow.Besidessafetyproblems,theproblemofunclearmodeloftaxationofcommercialtransactionsontheInternetcertainlyinflictsgreattormentstofiscalexpertsworldwide.
ADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGESOFELECTRONICCOMMERCE
Themaincharacteristicofe-commerceisaprofoundandveryrapidchangeinthewaytradeisconducted.Today,e-commercehasmanyadvantagesovertraditionalconductingcommercialtransactions.Extensiveuseofe-commerceleadstonewadvantages.Asetofinteractive,content-richandpersonalizedmessagescanbedeliveredtospecificallyselectedconsumerstoincreasesales.Todaycompanieshavealotmoreinformationthanbefore,whichallowsthemtotakeadvantageofthisinformationasefficientlyaspossible,tosegmentthemarketandtoadapttheirproductsorservicestopotentialcustomersorserviceusersaswellaspossible.
Theimpactofe-commerceisespeciallyexpressedinindustr