专题08阅读理解词义猜测题冲关真题训练备战高考英语大题冲关秘笈解析.docx

专题08阅读理解词义猜测题冲关真题训练备战高考英语大题冲关秘笈解析.docx

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专题08阅读理解词义猜测题冲关真题训练备战高考英语大题冲关秘笈解析

备战2018年高考英语大题冲关秘笈

专题07冲关真题训练

题组一

Passage1（2017·新课标II卷，D）

话题

词数

难度

参考用时

正确率

植物受到攻击时，会发出VOCs，以此来保护自己

293

★★★☆☆

5分钟

Whenaleafyplantisunderattack,itdoesn’tsitquietly.Backin1983,twoscientists,JackSchultzandIanBaldwin,reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthatneighboringplantscanget.Thesechemicalscomefromtheinjuredpartsoftheplantandseemtobeanalarm.Whattheplantspumpthroughtheairisamixtureofchemicalsknownasvolatileorganiccompounds,VOCsforshort.

ScientistshavefoundthatallkindsofplantsgiveoutVOCswhenbeingattacked.It’saplant’swayofcryingout.Butisanyonelistening?

Apparently.Becausewecanwatchtheneighboursreact.

Someplantspumpoutsmellychemicalstokeepinsectsaway.Butothersdodoubleduty.Theypumpoutperfumesdesignedtoattractdifferentinsectswhoarenaturalenemiestotheattackers.Oncetheyarrive,thetablesareturned.Theattackerwhowaslunchingnowbecomeslunch.

Instudyafterstudy,itappearsthatthesechemicalconversationshelptheneighbors.Thedamageisusuallymoreseriousonthefirstplant,buttheneighbors,relativelyspeaking,staysaferbecausetheyheardthealarmandknewwhattodo.

Doesthismeanthatplantstalktoeachother?

Scientistsdon’tknow.Maybethefirstplantjustmadeacryofpainorwassendingamessagetoitsownbranches,andso,ineffect,wastalkingtoitself.Perhapstheneighborsjusthappenedto“overhear”thecry.Soinformationwasexchanged,butitwasn’tatrue,intentionalbackandforth.

Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate（亲密的）

 than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on.

32. What does a plant do when it is under attack?

A. It makes noises.     B. It gets help from other plants.

C. It stands quietly    D. It sends out certain chemicals.

33. What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3?

A. The attackers get attacked.

B. The insects gather under the table.

C. The plants get ready to fight back.

D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.

34.Scientistsfindfromtheirstudiesthatplantscan.

A.predictnaturaldisasters

B.protectthemselvesagainstinsects

C.talktooneanotherintentionally

D.helptheirneighborswhennecessary

35.whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?

A.Theworldischangingfasterthanever.

B.Peoplehavestrongersensesthanbefore

C.Theworldismorecomplexthanitseems

D.PeopleinDarwin’stimewereimaginative.

【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。

研究发现，当植物受到攻击时，会发出VOCs，以此来保护自己或者与周围的植物通过化学物质进行交流。

32.D【解析】细节理解题。

根据“reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticular

smellthatneighboringplantscanget.Thesechemicalscomefromtheinjuredpartsoftheplantandseemtobeanalarm”可知，当植物受到伤害时，会分泌一种特殊的化学物质。

学科*网

33.A【解析】词义推测题。

根据“Oncetheyarrive,thetablesareturned.Theattackerwhowaslunchingnow

becomeslunch”，一旦它们到达这里，这些攻击者就会受到植物的攻击，故选A。

35.C【解析】推理判断题。

根据“imaginedaworldfarbusier,noisierandmoreintimate（亲密的）thantheworld

wecanseeandhear.Oursensesareweak.There’sawholelotgoingon”可知，这个世界远比我们看到或听到的更热闹、更亲密，我们认知能力有限，有很多事仍在继续发生，远比我们想象的要复杂。

故选C。

Passage2（2017·新课标卷III，C）

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美国黄石公园重新引进灰狼

295

★★★☆☆

6分钟

Afteryearsofheateddebate,graywolveswerereintroducedtoYellowstoneNationalPark.FourteenwolveswerecaughtinCanadaandtransportedtothepark.Bylastyear,theYellowstonewolfpopulationhadgrowntomorethan170wolves.

GraywolvesoncewereseenhereandthereintheYellowstoneareaandmuchofthecontinentalUnitedStates,buttheyweregraduallydisplacedbyhumandevelopment.Bythe1920s,wolveshadpracticallydisappearedfromtheYellowstonearea.TheywentfarthernorthintothedeepforestsofCanada,wheretherewerefewerhumansaround.

Thedisappearanceofthewolveshadmanyunexpectedresults.Deerandelkpopulations—majorfoodsources（来源）forthewolf—grewrapidly.Theseanimalsconsumedlargeamountsofvegetation（植被）,whichreducedplantdiversityinthepark.Intheabsenceofwolves,coyotepopulationsalsogrewquickly.Thecoyoteskilledalargepercentageofthepark’sredfoxes,andcompletelydroveawaythepark’sbeavers.

Asearlyas1966,biologistsaskedthegovernmenttoconsiderreintroducingwolvestoYellowstonePark.Theyhopedthatwolveswouldbeabletocontroltheelkandcoyoteproblems.Manyfarmersopposedtheplanbecausetheyfearedthatwolveswouldkilltheirfarmanimalsorpets.

Thegovernmentspentnearly30yearscomingupwithaplantoreintroducethewolvers.TheU.S.FishandWildlifeServicecarefullymonitorsandmanagesthewolfpacksinYellowstone.Today,thedebatecontinuesoverhowwellthegraywolfisfittinginatYellowstone.Elk,deer,andcoyotepopulationsaredown,whilebeaversandredfoxeshavemadeacomeback.TheYellowstonewolfprojecthasbeenavaluableexperimenttohelpbiologistsdecidewhethertoreintroducewolvestootherpartsofthecountryaswell.

28.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.WildliferesearchintheUnitedStates.

B.PlantdiversityintheYellowstonearea.

C.Theconflictbetweenfarmersandgraywolves.

D.ThereintroductionofwolvestoYellowstonePark.

29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword＂displaced＂inparagraph2mean?

A.Tested.B.Separated.

C.Forcedout.D.Trackeddown.

30.Whatdidthedisappearanceofgraywolvesbringabout?

A.Damagetolocalecology.

B.Adeclineinthepark’sincome.

C.Preservationofvegetation.

D.Anincreaseinthevarietyofanimals.

31.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheYellowstonewolfproject?

A.Doubtful.B.Positive.

C.Disapproving.D.Uncaring.

【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国黄石公园重新引进灰狼的事情。

人类活动的影响使灰狼的数量逐渐减少，鹿群数量逐渐增加，从而导致植被被大量破坏。

28.D【解析】主旨大意题。

文章开门见山地提出黄石公园引进灰狼的举措，然后在下文中详细介绍其原因以及带来的良好的转机，由此判断本文的中心话题是美国黄石公园对灰狼的引进。

30.A【解析】推理判断题。

根据第三段的内容可知，灰狼的减少造成了鹿群的增多，从而植被遭到了破坏；造成了土狼数量的快速增长，它们猎杀了大量的赤狐，赶走了海狸，由此可推断出灰狼的消失导致了当地生态平衡被破坏。

学&科网

31.B【解析】推理判断题。

根据文章末段的最后一句可知，作者认为引进灰狼的项目是很有价值的实验，因此可推知作者对这一举措持肯定的态度。

Passage3（2017·天津卷）

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正确率

无人驾驶的自动化车辆在英国、新加坡和美国的不同前景

348

★★★☆☆

8分钟

Thismonth,Germany’stransportminister,AlexanderDobrindt,proposedthefirstsetofrulesforautonomousvehicles（自主驾驶车辆）.Theywoulddefinethedriver’sroleinsuchcarsandgovernhowsuchcarsperformincrasheswherelivesmightbelost.

Theproposalattemptstodealwithwhatsomecallthe“deathvalley”ofautonomousvehicles:

thegreyareabetweensemi-autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture.

Dobrindtwantsthreethings:

thatacaralwayschoosesproperty（财产）damageoverpersonalinjury;thatitneverdistinguishesbetweenhumansbasedonageorrace;andthatifahumanremoveshisorherhandsfromthedrivingwheel—tocheckemail,say—thecar’smakerisresponsibleifthereisacrash.

“Thechangetotheroadtrafficlawwillpermitfullyautomaticdriving,”saysDobrindt.Itwillputfullydriverlesscarsonanequallegalfootingtohumandrivers,hesays.

Whoisresponsiblefortheoperationofsuchvehiclesisnotclearamongcarmakers,consumersandlawyers.“Theliability（法律责任）issueisthebiggestoneofthemall,”saysNatashaMeratattheUniversityofLeeds,UK.

AnassumptionbehindUKinsurancefordriverlesscars,introducedearlierthisyear,insiststhatahuman“bewatchfulandmonitoringtheroad”ateverymoment.

Butthatisnotwhatmanypeoplehaveinmindwhenthinkingofdriverlesscars.“Whenyousay‘driverlesscars’,peopleexpectdriverlesscars.”Meratsays.“Youknow—nodriver.”

Becauseoftheconfusion,Meratthinkssomecarmakerswillwaituntilvehiclescanbefullyautomatedwithoutoperation.

Driverlesscarsmayendupbeingaformofpublictransportratherthanvehiclesyouown,saysRyanCaloatStanfordUniversity,California.ThatishappeningintheUKandSingapore,wheregovernment-provideddriverlessvehiclesarebeinglaunched.

ThatwouldgodownpoorlyintheUS,however.“Theideathatthegovernmentwouldtakeoverdriverlesscarsandtreatthemasapublicgoodwouldgetabsolutelynowherehere,”saysCalo.

46.Whatdoesthephrase“deathvalley”inParagraph2referto?

A.Aplacewherecarsoftenbreakdown.

B.Acasewherepassingalawisimpossible.

C.Anareawherenodrivingispermitted.

D.Asituationwheredrivers’roleisnotclear.

47.TheproposalputforwardbyDobrindtaimsto__________.

A.stoppeoplefrombreakingtrafficrules

B.helppromotefullyautomaticdriving

C.protectdriversofallagesandraces

D.preventseriouspropertydamage

48.Whatdoconsumersthinkoftheoperationofdriverlesscars?

A.Itshouldgettheattentionofinsurancecompanies.

B.Itshouldbethemainconcernoflawmakers.

C.Itshouldnotcausedeadlytrafficaccidents.

D.Itshouldinvolvenohumanresponsibility.

49.Driverlessvehiclesinpublictransportseenobrightfuturein_________.

A.SingaporeB.theUK

C.theUSD.Germany

50.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.AutonomousDriving:

WhoseLiability?

B.FullyAutomaticCars:

ANewBreakthrough

C.AutonomousVehicles:

DriverRemoved!

D.DriverlessCars:

RootofRoadAccidents

【文章大意】这是一篇新闻报道。

文章记叙了德国交通部长的对于自主驾驶车辆的规章制度的一个提议，引出说明了位于科技前沿的无人驾驶的自动化车辆在英国、新加坡和美国的不同前景。

46.D【解析】考查词义猜测。

根据第二段的句子thegreyareabetweensemi-autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture可知选D。

48.D【解析】考查细节理解。

根据第六、七、八段内容可知选D。

49.C【解析】考查细节理解。

根据最后一段ThatwouldgodownpoorlyintheUS,however.“Theideathatthegovernmentwouldtakeoverdriverlessc