民主分权 Democratic Decentralisation 英语作文.docx

民主分权 Democratic Decentralisation 英语作文.docx

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民主分权DemocraticDecentralisation英语作文

DemocraticDecentralisation

>EssayOnDemocraticDecentralisation:

Decentralisationcanbedefinedas“thedispersionofdecisionmakinggovernanceordistributionoffunctionsandpowersfromacentralauthoritytoregionalandlocalauthorities.”

LongandShortEssaysonDemocraticDecentralisationforKidsandStudentsinEnglish

GivenbelowaretwoessaysinEnglishforstudentsandchildrenaboutthetopicof‘DemocraticDecentralisation’inbothlongandshortform.ThefirstessayisalongessayonDemocraticDecentralisationof400-500words.ThislongessayaboutDemocraticDecentralisationissuitableforstudentsofclass7,8,9and10,andalsoforcompetitiveexamaspirants.ThesecondessayisashortessayonDemocraticDecentralisationof150-200words.Thesearesuitableforstudentsandchildreninclass6andbelow.

LongEssayonDemocraticDecentralisation500WordsinEnglish

BelowwehavegivenalongessayonDemocraticDecentralisationof500wordsishelpfulforclasses7,8,9and10andCompetitiveExamAspirants.Thislongessayonthetopicissuitableforstudentsofclass7toclass10,andalsoforcompetitiveexamaspirants.

Therearevariousformsofdecentralisation.Privatisationisatypeofdecentralisation.Privatisationandderegulationmeansshiftingresponsibilityforfunctionsfromthepublictotheprivatesector.Privatisationcanrangefrompublic-privatepartnershipstoallowingprivateenterprisestoperformfunctionsthathadpreviouslybeenmonopolisedbythegovernment.Usually,thoughnotalways,privatisationandderegulationareaccompaniedbyeconomicliberalisationandmarketdevelopmentpolicies.

India’sfiscaldeficitduring1990s,spectaculargrowthbyeconomiesofKorea,Taiwan,Malaysiaduetotheindulgenceofprivatesector;integrationofworldtrade,changesinChinaanddissatisfactionwiththeperformanceofpublicsectorallfactorscollectivelycontributedtotheinitiationofprivatisationinIndia.

Tobeginwith,in1992,IndiaopenedupcellularandbasicservicestoprivateplayersandthentheTelecomRegulatoryAuthorityofIndia（TRAI）wasconstitutedin1997asanindependentregulatorinthissector.Till1986,telecommunicationwasapublicutilityownedbytheGovernmentofIndia.MahanagarTelephoneNigamLimited（MTNL）wascreatedin1986asaPublicSectorEnterprise（PSE）tofacilitatetelecommunicationservicesinthecitiesofDelhianolMumbai.Inallotherplaces,BharatSancharNigamLimited（BSNL）wasformedasaPSEon1stOctober,2000asatelecomserviceprovider.

Thesestate-ownedincumbentswithalargeexistingsubscriberbasedominatethefixedlineservice.However,withtheentryofprivateplayers,todaytheIndiantelecommunicationindustryistheworld’sfastestgrowingindustrywith826.93millionmobilephonesubscribers,asofApril,2011,asliberalisationledtotheentryofprivateplayerssuchasBhartiAirtel,RelianceCommunications,TataTeleservices,IdeaCellularandAircel.

Privatisationofbanksbeganin1994whentheReserveBankofIndiaissuedapolicyofliberalisationtolicenselimitednumberofprivatebanks,whichcametobeknownasNewGenerationtech-savvybanks.Priortothis,SBIwasinexistencesince1955,apartfromtheReserveBankofIndia（RBI）establishedin1935,whichcontrolledthecentralbankingresponsibilities.

Thus,GlobalTrustBankwasthefirstprivatebankafterliberalisation,whichwaslateramalgamatedintoOrientalBankofCommerce（OBC）andHousingDevelopmentFinanceCorporationLimited（HDFC）wasthefirstbanktoreceivean‘inprinciple’approvalfromtheRBItoset-upabankintheprivatesector.Atpresent,therearemanyprivatebanksinIndiaincludingleadingbankslikeICICIBanks,INGVysyaBank,Jammu&KashmirBank,KarnatakaBank,KotakMahindraBank,SBICommercial,DhanalakshmiBank,FederalBank,HDFCBank,KarurVysyaBank,UTIBankandYESBank.

PrivatisationofinsurancesectorinIndiahappenedaroundtheyear2000whenthegovernmentallowedprivateplayerstoentertheIndianmarket.Althoughintheyear1993,aroadmapforprivatisationofthelifeinsurancesectorwaslaid,butittookanothersixyearsbeforetheenablinglegislationtopasstheInsuranceRegulatoryandDevelopmentAuthorityActintheyear2000.

Resultantly,thenewlyappointedinsuranceregulator—InsuranceRegulatoryandDevelopmentAuthority（IRDA）startedissuinglicensestoprivatelifeinsurers.AtpresentleadingprivatesectorlifeinsurersareSBILifeInsurance,MetlifeIndia,ICICIPrudential,BajajAllianz,MaxNewYorkLifeInsurance,SaharaLifeInsurance,TataAIG,HDFCStandardLife,BirlaSunLife,KotakLifeInsurance,AvivaLifeInsurance,RelianceLifeInsurance,INGVysya,ShriramLifeInsurance,BhartiAXA,FutureGenerali,IDBIFortisLifeInsurance,AEGONReligareandStarUnionDai-ichiLifeInsuranceCo.Ltd.

Intheelectricitysector,thenewwaveofpolicyreformsdesignedtopromoteprivateparticipationhasbeendrivenbytheneedtoexpandthecapacityandincreasethereliabilityofsystems,publicsectorbudgetconstraintsandthepositiveresultsoftheprivateparticipationinothercountries.AlthoughinIndiaelectricitysectorisstilllargelyunderthedomainofpublicsector,buttheinclusionofprivatesectorsforcapacityadditionshasalsobegun.

MajorPSUsinvolvedinthegenerationofelectricityincludeNationalThermalPowerCorporation（NTPC）,DamodarValleyCorporation（DVC）,NationalHydroelectricPowerCorporation（NHPC）andNuclearPowerCorporationofIndia（NPCI）.BesidesPSUs,severalstatelevelcorporationsarealsoinvolvedinthegenerationandintrastatedistributionofelectricity.Intheprivatesector,majorcapacityadditionsareplannedinRelianceEnergy,TataPowerandRPGGroupCESC.

Decentralisationisananswertotheproblemsofthecentralisedsector.Decentralisationinthegovernmentsectorhelpstosolveproblemsofeconomicdecline,lackoffunds,performanceissuesandreservationforminorities.Intheareaofpolitics,itsobjectiveistovestmorepowerwithcitizensorelectedrepresentatives.Economicdecentralisationbringsaboutprivatisationofpublicinstitutions,throughderegulation,abolitionofrestrictionsonbusinesscompetingwithgovernmentservices,suchaspostalservices,schooletc.Decentralisationhasalsobeenexecutedinvarioustechnologieslikewaterpurification,wastedisposal,agriculturaltechnologyandenergytechnology.

ShortEssayonDemocraticDecentralisation200WordsinEnglish

BelowwehavegivenashortessayonDemocraticDecentralisationisforClasses1,2,3,4,5,and6.Thisshortessayonthetopicissuitableforstudentsofclass6andbelow.

Internetisagoodexampleofasuccessfuldecentralisednetwork.Wikipedia,theonlineEncyclopaedia,storinginformationonaplethoraoftopics,isalsodecentralisedasitallowsuserstoadd,modifyordeletecontentviatheinternet.Socialnetworkingsitesarealsodecentralisedsystemsthathavegreatlychangedourlives.Informationtechnologyusedtofacilitateinteractionsofthegovernmentwiththecitizens,isreferredtoase-Government.Itisindeedagoodinitiativetoboostdemocratisation.Education,healthcareandpetroleumaresomeoftheothersectorsthathavebeendecentralisedandareamongthefastestgrowingsectorsoftheeconomytoday.Thus,decentralisationofpublicsectorenterprisesthatbeganwiththeeconomicreformsofthe1990shasyieldedtangiblebenefitstothecountry.

However,dangersofdecentralisationloomlarge.Forexample,ifthetechnicalcapacityorfunctioningofasystemisweak,itwilldefinitelyresultinpoorqualityproductsandservices.Coordinationfornationalpoliciescanbecomecomplexandresourcedistributioncanbecomeuneven.Afewlocalelitescangrabpowerandhindrancesinproperdecision-makingcansurface.Intheabsenceofahighercompetentauthority,monopolyandanarchycangivewaytochaosandsuppressionofpublicinterests.

Thus,decentralisationisbothaboonandabanetotheeconomy.Itistobeusedasan‘instrumentofchangeandempowermentofthemasses’andnottoearnquickmoneybyfewindividualspursuingtheirselfishinterests.

DemocraticDecentralisationEssayWordMeaningsforSimpleUnderstanding

Dispersion–anact,state,orinstanceofdispersingorofbeingdispersed

Monopolised–toobtainexclusivepossessionof

Incumbents–holdinganindicatedposition,role,officeetc.,currently

Reform–theimprovementoramendmentofwhatiswrong,corrupt,unsatisfactoryetc

Constraint–limitationorrestriction

Democratisation–transitiontoamoredemocraticpoliticalregime

Tangible–definite,notvagueorelusive

Elites–personsofthehighestclass

Anarchy–astateofsocietywithoutgovernmentorlaw