Hamlet.docx

Hamlet.docx

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Hamlet

Hamlet

TrendofThought

life/death---death---sleep---dream---deathcouldhaveendedallthesufferingsandpainsofhumanlife---thedreadofthingsafterdeathstopspeoplefromendingtheirlives---thought/action

Appreciation

Characterdepiction:

vivid;true-to-life

Soliloquy

Languagestyle:

highlyliterary;expressive;powerful

Thematicconcern

Humanism:

exploringwithanunprecedentedrangeandvisionthecomplexityofhumannature（comparisonwithChaucer）

Humanistsarenotonlygreatthinkers,butalsogreatdoers.Hamletinthissoliloquyisbynomeansexpressinghisfearofdeath,butcallingforpeopletotakeactionstoputanendtosocialevilsandfulfilltheirduties.

ThisarticleisabouttheShakespeareplay.Forotheruses,seeHamlet（disambiguation）.

"PrinceofDenmark"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeMonarchyofDenmark.

TheTragedyofHamlet,PrinceofDenmarkisatragedywrittenbyWilliamShakespearebetween1599and1602.SetintheKingdomofDenmark,theplaydramatizestherevengePrinceHamletexactsonhisuncleClaudiusformurderingKingHamlet,Claudius'sbrotherandPrinceHamlet'sfather,andthensucceedingtothethroneandtakingashiswifeGertrude,theoldking'swidowandPrinceHamlet'smother.Theplayvividlyportraysbothtrueandfeignedmadness—fromoverwhelminggrieftoseethingrage—andexploresthemesoftreachery,revenge,incest,andmoralcorruption.

HamletisShakespeare'slongestplayandamongthemostpowerfulandinfluentialtragediesinEnglishliterature,withastorycapableof"seeminglyendlessretellingandadaptationbyothers."[1]TheplaywasoneofShakespeare'smostpopularworksduringhislifetimeandstillranksamonghismost-performed,toppingtheRoyalShakespeareCompany'sperformancelistsince1879.IthasinspiredwritersfromGoetheandDickenstoJoyceandMurdoch,andhasbeendescribedas"theworld'smostfilmedstoryafterCinderella".

ShakespearebasedHamletonthelegendofAmleth,preservedby13th-centurychroniclerSaxoGrammaticusinhisGestaDanorumassubsequentlyretoldby16th-centuryscholarFrançoisdeBelleforest.Hemayalsohavedrawnonorperhapswrittenanearlier（hypothetical）ElizabethanplayknowntodayastheUr-Hamlet.HealmostcertainlycreatedthetitleroleforRichardBurbage,theleadingtragedianofShakespeare'stime.Inthe400yearssince,therolehasbeenperformedbyhighlyacclaimedactorsfromeachsuccessiveage.

Threedifferentearlyversionsoftheplayareextant,theFirstQuarto（Q1,1603）,theSecondQuarto（Q2,1604）,andtheFirstFolio（F1,1623）.Eachversionincludeslines,andevenentirescenes,missingfromtheothers.Theplay'sstructureanddepthofcharacterisationhaveinspiredmuchcriticalscrutiny.Onesuchexampleisthecenturies-olddebateaboutHamlet'shesitationtokillhisuncle,whichsomeseeasamereplotdevicetoprolongtheaction,butwhichothersargueisadramatizationofthecomplexphilosophicalandethicalissuesthatsurroundcold-bloodedmurder,calculatedrevenge,andthwarteddesire.Morerecently,psychoanalyticcriticshaveexaminedHamlet'sunconsciousdesires,andfeministcriticshavere-evaluatedandrehabilitatedtheoftenmalignedcharactersofOpheliaandGertrude.

Characters[edit]

Hamlet–SonofthelateKing,andnephewofthepresentKing

Claudius–KingofDenmark,andHamlet'suncle

Gertrude–QueenofDenmark,andmothertoHamlet

Polonius–LordChamberlain

Ophelia–DaughtertoPolonius

Horatio–FriendtoHamlet

Laertes–SontoPolonius

VoltimandandCornelius–Courtiers

RosencrantzandGuildenstern–Courtiers,friendstoHamlet

Osric–aCourtier

Marcellus–anOfficer

Bernardo–anOfficer

Francisco–aSoldier

Reynaldo–ServanttoPolonius

GhostofHamlet'sFather

Fortinbras–PrinceofNorway

Gravediggers–aSexton,andaclown

PlayerKing,PlayerQueen,Lucianus,etc.–Players

Synopsis[edit]概要

Forcastoverview,seeCharactersinHamlet.

Horatio,Hamlet,andtheGhost（Artist:

HenryFuseli1798）

TheprotagonistofHamletisPrinceHamletofDenmark,sonoftherecentlydeceasedKingHamlet,andnephewofKingClaudius,hisfather'sbrotherandsuccessor.ClaudiushastilymarriedKingHamlet'swidow,Gertrude,Hamlet'smother.Denmarkhasalong-standingfeudwithneighbouringNorway,andaninvasionledbytheNorwegianprince,Fortinbras,isexpected.

Theplayopensonacoldwintermidnighton"platformbeforethecastle"ofElsinore,theDanishroyalcastle.ThesentryFranciscoiskeepingtrustyguardwhentwofiguresappearinthedarkness.Hecallsout,"Who'sthere?

"andreceivesanswerthatitistheothersentryBernardocometorelievehim.AsFranciscoretirestobed,heencountersHoratioandMarcelluswhoarecomingtovisitBernardo.BernardoandMarcellusdiscusstherecentappearanceofacuriousintruderwhichtheydescribeasa"dreadedsight"whichtheyhavealreadybumpedintotwiceonthebattlements,butwhichHoratioisinclinedtodismissas"butourfantasy."MarcellushasbroughtHoratioalongto"watchtheminutesofthisnight"incasethescaryghostappearsagaintofright.Theghostappears,andisdescribedbythethreewitnessesaslookinglikethelateKingHamlet.Theyendeavourtoopenaconversationwithit,but"itisoffended"and"stalksaway."ThethreementakethisopportunitytodiscussDanishpolitics,notingthatDenmarkhasbegunmilitarypreparationbecauseFortinbrashas"shark'dupalistoflawlessresolutes/Forfoodanddiet."TheghostofHamletwandersback.Whenitdeclinestotalktothemtheyattackitwithdaggers,butitescapes.Marcellusadmitsthatthiswasabadidea:

"Wedoitwrong...toofferittheshowofviolence/Foritis...invulnerable."TheydecidetotellprinceHamletthathisfather'sghostisupandabout.

Thesceneshiftsto"roomofstateinthecastle."Variousroyalfigurescomein.ClaudiusandGertrudetalkwithLaertesabouthisupcomingtriptoFrance.HisfatherPoloniusadmitsthathehassignedoffonthisjaunt.TheKingandQueenthenturntoHamlet.PerturbedbyHamlet'scontinuingdeepmourningforhisfatherandhisincreasinglyerraticbehaviour,ClaudiusandGertrudetrytopersuadehimtolightenup.Theytellhimthatfathersdieallthetime,buthedoesnotappearcomfortedbythis.Whentheyleave,hesoliloquizesthathismotherjumpedintoanewmarriagetooquicklyafterthedeathofHamlet'sfather.Marcellus,HoratioandthesentrycomeinandtellHamletaboutthecastleGhost.Hearingthenews,HamletresolvestoseetheGhosthimself.

ClaudiusandGertrudesendtwostudentfriendsofhis—RosencrantzandGuildenstern—todiscoveritscause.Hamletgreetshisfriendswarmly,butquicklydiscernsthattheyarespies.Thatnight,theGhostappearstoHamletandtellshimthatClaudiusmurderedhimbypouringpoisoninhisear.TheGhostdemandsthatHamletavengehim;Hamletagreesanddecidestofeignmadnesstoavertsuspicion.Heis,however,uncertainoftheGhost'sreliability.

PoloniusisClaudius'strustedchiefcounsellor;hisson,Laertes,isabouttoresumestudiesinFrance,andhisdaughter,Ophelia,iscourtingHamlet.NeitherPoloniusnorLaertesapprovesofthematch,andbothwarnheroff.Shortlyafterwards,OpheliameetsHamletsecretlybutissoalarmedbyhisstrangeanticsthatshetellsherfatherofHamlet'sstate.Poloniusblamesan"ecstasyoflove"forHamlet'smadnessandinformsClaudiusandGertrude.Attheirnexttryst,HamletrantsatOphelia,accusingherofimmodestyanddismissinghertoanunnery.

The"gravediggerscene"[8]（Artist:

EugèneDelacroix1839）

HamletremainsunconvincedthattheGhosthastoldhimthetruth,butthearrivalofatroupeofactorsatElsinorepresentshimwithasolution.Hewillstageaplay,re-enactinghisfather'smurder,anddetermineClaudius'sguiltorinnocencebystudyinghisreaction.Thecourtassemblestowatchtheplay;Hamletprovidesarunningcommentarythroughout.AfterseeingthePlayerKingmurderedwithpoisonintheears,Claudiusabruptlyrisesandleavestheroom:

proofpositiveforHamletofhisuncle'sguilt.

GertrudesummonsHamlettoherbedchambertodemandanexplanation.Onhisway,HamletpassesClaudiusinprayerbuthesitatestokillhim,reasoningthatdeathinprayerwouldsendhimtoheavenratherthanhell.Inthebedchamber,afuriousroweruptsbetweenHamletandGertrude.Polonius,spyinghiddenbehindatapestry,makesanoise;andHamlet,believingitisClaudius,stabswildly,killingPolonius.TheGhostappears,urgingHamlettotreatGertrudegentlybutremindinghimtokillClaudius.UnabletoseeorheartheGhostherself,GertrudetakesHamlet'sconversationwithitasfurtherevidenceofmadness.HamlethidesPolonius'scorpse;andClaudius,fearingforhislife,banishesHamlettoEnglandonapretext,closelywatchedbyRosencrantzandGuildenstern.

DementedbygriefatPolonius'sdeath,OpheliawandersElsinoresingingbawdysongs.Herbrother,Laertes,arrivesbackfromFrance,enragedbyhisfather'sdeathandhissister'smadness.ClaudiusconvincesLaertesthatHamletissolelyresponsible;thennewsarrivesthatHamletisstillatlarge.Claudiusswiftlyconcoctsaplot.HeproposesafencingmatchbetweenLaertesandHamletwithpoison-tippedrapiers,buttacitlyplanstoofferHamletpoisonedwineifthatfails.GertrudeinterruptstoreportthatOpheliahasdrowned.

TwogravediggersdiscussOphelia'sapparentsuicide,whiledigginghergrave.HamletarriveswithHoratioandbanterswithagravedigger,whounearthstheskullofajesterfromHamlet'schildhood,Yorick.Ophelia'sfuneralprocessionapproaches,ledbyLaertes.HeandHamletgrapple,butthebrawlisbrokenup.

BackatElsinore,HamlettellsHoratiohowhees