大学英语六级真题及答案经典版word可打印.docx
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大学英语六级真题及答案经典版word可打印
PartIWriting
Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledTheWaytoSuccessbycommentingonAbrahamLincoln'sfamousremark,"Givemesixhourstochopdownatree,andIillspendthefirstfoursharpeningtheaxe."Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words..
PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)
Google’splanforworld’sbiggestonlinelibrary:
philanthropyoractofpiracy?
Inrecentyearstheworld’smostvenerablelibrarieshaveplayedhosttosomeincongruousvisitors.Industynooksandfar-flungstacks,teamsofworkersdispatchedbyGooglehavebeenbeaveringawaytomakedigitalcopiesofbooks.Sofar,Googlehasscannedmorethan10milliontitlesfromlibrariesinAmericaandEurope–includinghalfamillionvolumesheldbytheBodleianinOxford.Theexactmethoditusesisunclear;thecompanydoesnotallowoutsiderstoobservetheprocess.
WhyisGoogleundertakingsuchaventure,soseeminglyout-of-kilterwithitssnazzy,hi-techimage?
Whyisiteveninterestedinallthoseout-of-printlibrarybooks,mostofwhichhavebeengatheringdustonforgottenshelvesfordecades?
Thecompanyclaimsitsmotivesareessentiallypublic-spirited.Itsoverallmission,afterall,isto"organisetheworld’sinformation",soitwouldbeoddifthatinformationdidnotincludebooks.LiketheAncientEgyptianswhoattemptedtobuildalibraryatAlexandriacontainingalltheknownworld’sscrolls,Googleexecutivestalkofconstructingauniversalonlinearchive,atreasuretroveofknowledgethatwillbefreelyavailable–oratleastfreelysearchable–forall.
Thecompanylikestopresentitselfashavinglofty,utopianaspirations."Thisreallyisn’taboutmakingmoney"isamantra."Wearedoingthisforthegoodofsociety."AsSantiagodelaMora,headofGoogleBooksforEurope,putsit:
"Bymakingitpossibletosearchthemillionsofbooksthatexisttoday,wehopetoexpandthefrontiersofhumanknowledge."
DanClancy,thechiefarchitectofGoogleBooks,offersananalogywiththeinventionoftheGutenbergpress–Google’sbookproject,hesays,willhaveasimilardemocratisingeffect.Hetalksofpeopleinfar-flungpartsbeingabletoaccessknowledgeasneverbefore,ofsearchqueriesleadingthemtotheone,longout-of-printbooktheyneed.
Andhedoesseemgenuineinhisconvictionthatthisisprimarilyaphilanthropicexercise."Google’scorebusinessissearchandfind,soobviouslywhathelpsimproveGoogle’ssearchengineisgoodforGoogle,"hesays."Butwehaveneverbuiltaspreadsheetoutliningthefinancialbenefitsofthis,andIhaveneverhadtojustifytheamountIamspendingtothecompany’sfounders."
Itiseasy,talkingtoClancyandhiscolleagues,tobesweptalongbytheirmissionaryzeal.ButGoogle’sbook-scanningprojectisprovingcontroversial.Severalopponentshaverecentlyemerged,rangingfromrivaltechgiantssuchasMicrosoftandAmazontosmallbodiesrepresentingauthorsandpublishersacrosstheworld.Inbroadterms,theseopponentshavelevelledtwosetsofcriticismsatGoogle.
First,theyhavequestionedwhethertheprimaryresponsibilityfordigitallyarchivingtheworld’sbooksshouldbeallowedtofalltoacommercialcompany.InarecentessayintheNewYorkReviewofBooks,RobertDarnton,theheadofHarvardUniversity’slibrary,arguedthatbecausesuchbooksareacommonresource–thepossessionofusall–onlypublic,not-for-profitbodiesshouldbegiventhepowertocontrolthem.
Thesecond,relatedcriticismisthatGoogle’sscanningofbooksisactuallyillegal.ThisallegationhasledtoGooglebecomingmiredinalegalbattlewhosescopeandcomplexitymakestheJarndyceandJarndycecaseinBleakHouselookstraightforward.
Atitscentre,however,isonesimpleissue:
thatofcopyright.Theinconvenientfactaboutmostbooks,towhichGooglehasarguablypaidinsufficientattention,isthattheyareprotectedbycopyright.Copyrightlawsdifferfromcountrytocountry,butingeneralprotectionextendsforthedurationofanauthor’slifeandforasubstantialperiodafterwards,thusallowingtheauthor’sheirstobenefit.(InBritainandAmerica,thispost-deathperiodis70years.)Thismeans,ofcourse,thatalmostallofthebookspublishedinthe20thcenturyarestillundercopyright–andlastcenturysawmorebookspublishedthaninallpreviouscenturiescombined.Oftheroughly40millionbooksinUSlibraries,forexample,anestimated32millionareincopyright.Ofthese,some27millionareoutofprint.
OutsidetheUS,Googlehasmadesureonlytoscanbooksthatareoutofcopyrightandthusinthe"publicdomain"(workssuchastheBodleian’sfirsteditionofMiddlemarch,whichanyonecanreadforfreeonGoogleBooksSearch).
But,withintheUS,thecompanyhasscannedbothin-copyrightandout-of-copyrightworks.Initsdefence,Googlepointsoutthatitdisplaysonlysnippetsofbooksthatareincopyright–arguingthatsuchdisplaysare"fairuse".Butcriticsallegethatbymakingelectroniccopiesofthesebookswithoutfirstseekingthepermissionofcopyrightholders,Googlehascommittedpiracy.
"Thekeyprincipleofcopyrightlawhasalwaysbeenthatworkscanbecopiedonlyonceauthorshaveexpresslygiventheirpermission,"saysPiersBlofeld,oftheSheilLandliteraryagencyinLondon."Googlehasreversedthis–ithassimplycopiedalltheseworkswithoutbotheringtoask."
In2005,theAuthorsGuildofAmerica,togetherwithagroupofUSpublishersandpublishers,launchedaclassactionsuitagainstGooglethat,aftermorethantwoyearsofwrangling,endedwithanannouncementlastOctoberthatGoogleandtheclaimantshadreachedanout-of-courtsettlement.Thefulldetailsarestaggeringlycomplicated–thetextalonerunsto385pages–andtryingtosummariseitisnoeasytask."Partoftheproblemisthatitisbasicallyincomprehensible,"saysBlofeld,oneofthesettlement’smostvocalBritishcritics.
Broadly,thedealprovidesamechanismforGoogletoreimburseauthorsandpublisherswhoserightsithasbreached(includinggivingthemashareofanyfuturerevenueitgeneratesfromtheirworks).Inexchangeforthis,therightsholdersagreenottosueGoogleinfuture.
ThesettlementstipulatesthatabodyknownastheBooksRightsRegistrywillrepresenttheinterestsofUScopyrightholders.AuthorsandpublisherswithacopyrightinterestinabookscannedbyGooglewhomakethemselvesknowntotheregistrywillbeentitledtoreceiveapayment–intheregionof$60perbook–ascompensation.
Additionally,thesettlementhandsGooglethepower–butonlywiththeagreementofindividualrightsholders–toexploititsdatabaseofout-of-printbooks.Itcanincludetheminsubscriptiondealssoldtolibrariesorsellthemindividuallyunderaconsumerlicence.Itisthesecommercialprovisionsthatareprovingthesettlement’smostcontroversialaspect.
Criticspointoutthat,bygivingGoogletherighttocommerciallyexploititsdatabase,thesettlementpavesthewayforasubtleshiftinthecompany’srolefromproviderofinformationtoseller."Google’sbusinessmodelhasalwaysbeentoprovideinformationforfree,andselladvertisingonthebasisofthetrafficthisgenerates,"pointsoutJamesGrimmelmann,associateprofessoratNewYorkLawSchool.Now,hesays,becauseofthesettlement’sprovisions,Googlecouldbecomeasignificantforceinbookselling.
Interestinthisaspectofthesettlementhasfocusedon"orphan"works,wherethereisnoknowncopyrightholder–thesemakeupanestimated5%to10%ofthebooksGooglehasscanned.Underthesettlement,whennorightsholderscomeforwardandregistertheirinterestinawork,commercialcontrolautomaticallyrevertstoGoogle.Googlewillbeabletodisplayupto20%oforphanworksforfree,includetheminitssubscriptiondealstolibrariesandsellthemtoindividualbuyersundertheconsumerlicence.
"ThedealhasineffecthandedGoogleaswathofintellectualcopyright.Itisamammothpotentialbooksellingmarket,"saysBlofeld.HeaddsitisnosurprisethatAmazon,whichcurrentlycontrols90%ofthedigitalbooksmarket,isbecomingworried.
ButDanClancyofGoogledismissestheideathat,bygainingcontroloverout-of-printandorphanworks,Googleissecuringforitselfasignificantfuturerevenuestream.Hepointsoutthatout-of-printbooksrepresentonlyatinyfractionofthebooksmarket–between1%and2%."Thisideathatwearegainingaccesstoavastmarkethere–Ireallydon’tthinkthatistrue."
JamesGleick,anAmericansciencewriterandmemberoftheAuthorsGuild,broadlyagrees.Hesaysthat,althoughGoogle’sinitialscanningofin-copyrightbooksmadehimuncomfortable,thesettlementitselfisafairdealforauthors.
"Thethingthatneedstobeemphasisedisthatthisso-calledmarketoverwhichGoogleisbeinggivendominance–themarketinout-of-printbooks–doesn’tcurrentlyexist.That’swhythey’reoutofprint.Inreallife,Ican’tseewhatthedamageis–it’sonlygood."
Itisbynomeanscertainthatthesettlementwillbeenacted–itisthesubjectofafairnesshearingintheUScourts.Butifitisenacted,GooglewillineffectbeoffthehookasfarascopyrightviolationsintheUSareconcerned.Manypeopleareseriouslyconcernedbythis–andthecompanyislikelytofacechallengesinothercourtsaroundtheworld.
Overthecomingmonths,wewillhearalotmoreabouttheGooglesettlementanditsramifications.Althoughit’sasubjectthatmayseemobscureandspecialised,itconcernsoneofthebiggestissuesaffectingpublishingand,