13外文翻译.docx

13外文翻译.docx

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13外文翻译

UrbanLandscape

ARTICLE:

DevelopinglandscapepoliciesinEngland

Thedevelopmentofcomprehensivelandscapepolicies,whichintegratethevisualandfunctionaldimensionsoflandscape,andthetraditionsoflandscapeassessmentandlandscapeecology,mustbeanessentialpartofanylocalplanningauthority'sdrivefordesignandenvironmentalquality.ItisofgreatconcernthatfewlocalplanningauthoritiesinEnglandhavedevelopedsuchpolicies,andthatevenamongstthebest-practiceauthorities,landscapeisstillregardedasalargelyvisualmatter,andisoftenrelegatedtoasecondaryroleasanurbandesignconsideration.Thisisespeciallyunacceptablenowthatsustainableurbandevelopmentisanurgentenvironmentalnecessity.

Theroleoflandscapeplanninginensuringtheperpetuationofdeepstructuresandnaturalprocessessuchasthehydrologicalcycleandthemaintenanceofimportantecosystems,incounteringallformsofpollutionandensuringthatpeoplehaveeasyaccesstothenaturalworld,isparamount.Suchconsiderationsmayhelptoreduceboththeshort-termandlong-termcostsofdevelopment,aswellasincreasingamenity,recreationalresourcesandbio-diversity.PaulSelmanhassetouthisvisionoflandscapeecologicalplanningprinciplesforthecountryside,basedupondetailedsurveys（GISbased）,theuseofindicatorspeciesasabasisfordesignthedistributionoftheirhabitatcorridorsanddistancebetweenthem,andnecessarybuffersandconduits.Theseprovidethebasisforahierarchicaldesignintegratingecological,visualandrecreationalmeasuresappropriatetolocalobjectives,anddevelopingmanagementguidelinesandmonitoringprocedures.Hehasemphasizedtheneedforplanningtobeflexibleandadaptive,becauselandowneranddeveloperresponsetoanycontrolframeworkwillbedifficulttopredict.Hehasalsorecognizedtheopportunityaffordedbycommunityforeststodeveloplarge-scaleecologicalplanning（Selman,1993）.Theseideasalsoneedtobetakenforwardinthecontextofurbandevelopment.

Thepolicyrecommendationsoutlinedbelowtakethebestelementsofcontemporarypracticeandprofessionaladvice,anddrawtogethernatureconservationandlandscapepoliciestoprovideameansforconsideringtheecologicaldimensionofurbandesigninadevelopmentcontrolcontext.Suchpoliciesstillneedanationallandscapeecologicalplanningframework,suchastheGermansystemprovides,togivethemaconsistentscientificbasisandstatutoryweight,butinthemeantimeprogresscanbemadetowardsgivingthevisualandfunctionaldimensionsoflandscapeappropriateweightasadesignconsideration.

Thefollowingconstitutethekeyrecommendations:

·Policiesshouldemphasizethevalueoflandscapeandhabitatappraisalasameanstoidentifythebestnaturalfeaturesoftheregion.Sub-region,neighborhoodandsite,tocomprehendthetopography,hydrology,ecology,vegetationandarchaeologyofthedistrict,andtoidentifysitesandfeaturesworthyofprotection.

·Landscapeecologyshouldbeemphasizedinstrategicdesignthinkingasanessentialcomponentofsustainabledevelopment,inensuringthatconsiderationsofecologicalvalue,visualqualityandrecreationalpotentialoflandareproperlyweightedinallocatingdevelopment.

·Policiesshouldseektodesignateandprotectsitesandfeaturesoflandscapeandnatureconservationvalue,utilizingnationalandlocal,designationsbutalsomoregeneralconceptsoflineargreenspace,greenwedgesorcorridorsthatintegrateamenityandconservationconcerns.

·Policiesshouldensurethatdevelopmentrespectsthesedesignationsandnaturalecologicalprocesses,andseekstoenhancethelandscapeandcreatenewhabitatswhereverpossible.

·Openspaceprovisionpoliciesshouldbedevelopedinconjunctionwithlandscapeconsiderationstoensurethedevelopmentofandaccessiblemultipurposegreenspacesystemforallresidents.Openspacestandardshavearoleindefiningminimumrequirementsforopenspaceinurbanareas,butattractiveness,facilitiesandecologicalvalueareasimportantasquantityandaccessibilityindeterminingprovision.

·Policyshouldspelloutthefullrangeofdesignconsiderationsthatdictatethesuccessorotherwiseofsoftlandscapingschemes,beginningwiththeneedforappropriateprofessionalskills,andstressingthedesirabilityofrespectingthecontextintermsofprotectingfeaturesofvalue,developingappropriatecompositionsandforms,andchoosinglocallyappropriatespecies.

·Landscapeframeworkscanbeutilizedasakeymechanismthroughwhichtoimplementlandscapedesignsuccessfullyatalargescaleandtocreatenewhabitatsofvalue.

·Landscapepoliciesshouldconsiderstreettrees,plantingonarterialroadsandotherenvironmentallybeneficialplantinginurbanareas.

·Hardlandscapingpoliciesshouldestablishprinciplesforpaving,enclosuresandstreetfurniture,incorporatingconsiderationsoflocaltraditions,visualappropriateness,accessibility/safety,utilityandeaseofmaintenance/reinstatement.

·Plansshouldincludeguidanceontheinformationtobeincludedinapplicationsforapprovaloflandscapedetailsandatimescaleforsubmission.Theyshouldrequirethesubmissionofallmajorlandscapedetailsbeforefullplanningpermissionisgranted.

·Policiesshouldgivespecialattentiontolandscapeimplementation,establishmentandmanagementissues,includingtheprotectionoflandscapeduringconstructionandthecompletionoflandscapingpriortotheoccupationofandbuilding.

·APlanningPolicyGuidanceNoteonlandscapeisanessentialprerequisiteforimprovinglandscapedesign.Intheshorttermitneedstofocusonmanyoftheproceduralshortcomingsofthecurrentsystem,particularlytheabilitytoprotectimportantsitesandfeatures.Inthelongtermitneedstosettheframeworkforfullyfledgedecologicalplanning,whichwillintegratethevisualandfunctionaldimensionsoflandscapeandwillprovideoneofthekeyplanksofsustainabledevelopment.

FURTHERREADING

（1）:

OpportunitiesinCityLandscape

Onedictionarydefineslandscapeastheappearanceofthatportionoflandwhichtheeyecanviewatonce;thisdoesaccordwiththeterm“urbanlandscape”asembracingbuildingsandpavingaswellastrees,grassandtopography——thelatterusuallyexpressedasgreenorsoftlandscapeincontrasttohardlandscape.Itwillberecalledthatmanylandscapeartistsdidnotrestricttheirpaintingstovegetation,waterandtopography.

Buildingandpaving,consideredaselementsofurbanlandscape,donothavetodaythedetaileddesigninterestthatwasthecaseunderdifferenteconomiccircumstances.Thus,wemightexplorewhethersomeofthemorepleasantvisualstandardsofthepastcanbematchedbyagreaterconcentrationonthetotalityofurbanlandscapedesign,ratherthanonwhatare,infact,itsseveralparts，Ibelievethatoneofmytaskstodayistosuggestthatwecoulddowelltothinkintermsofanurbanlandscapeplanaswellasthemoreusuallanduse,trafficandotherformsofplan.

Urbanlandscapeinhistory.Withthiswideinterpretationoftheappearanceofcities,wecanlookbackquicklyandnotethatuntilsome300yearsagopeopleincitieslivedinhousesbuiltclosetooneanother——anarrangementfittingwithdefensiveneedsandreducingsomeoftheharsheffectsofclimate.Afewpublicopenspacesservedasmeetingplacesandmarkets,andoftenrelatedtopublicbuildings.Whentherewasademandforopenlandforpasturingoractiverecreation,thecountrysideimmediatelyoutsidethebuiltupareawascloseathand.

Manyeventschangedthiskindofurbanlandscape.Alesseningofthedefencerequirement;abroadeningofculturalandsocialinterestsproducinglargegardensassociatedwithpalacesandterracesofhousesfrontedbygreenlandscape;bythepublicparkexpressingthedesireforcivicidentityinindustrialtowns;andbytheGardenCitywithitsgenerousprovisionoftreesandgrassalongroadsandplentyofprivategardenspace.

Thesehistoricalexamplesareastartingpointforanexaminationofurbanlandscapedesignandplanning,andparticularlyspacesincitiesandtheireffectuponurbanlandscape.Forexample,theconceptsofareasofhighdensityhousingsetinminimalhardlandscapebutwithfrequentorinfrequentgreenopenspaces;areasoflowdensityhousingwellplantedwithtreesandgrassinthegardensbutwithinfrequentgreenopenspaces;andareasofmainlygreenlandscapewhichprovidesettingsfordispersedbuildings.Theseconceptswillmeetparticularneeds,butwillnotserveasmodelsforeverypartoftheurbanarea.

Cityplanningandurbanlandscape.Therearemanynewfactorsincityplanningwhichaffecturbanlandscape.Themotorcarhas,ontheonehand,necessitatednewopenspacesforparkingandfornewreliefroads,but,ontheotherhand,manypeopleareabletotravelgreaterdistancestoreachurbanparksandplayingfieldsortoexperiencegreenlandscapeinthecountryside.AlsotheadditionofTVtotheentertainmentindustryhasgonesomewaytoturntheindoorperson.Unfortunately,insomanyexamples,thenewopenspacesofparkingandreliefroadshaveoftenbeenconsideredaselementsofthetotalurbanlandscapeorevenasseparatelandscapesinadditiontotheirlanduseaspect.

ThisConferenceshouldconsidernotonlywhatpeoplewantastheirurbanenvironment,butwhatalsowillbegoodforthem,especiallyifurbanlandscapedesigncanmakeacontributiontoimprovingsocialbehaviour.Itmaysoundobvious,butanewlookatcitylandscapesdoesrequireastudyoftheunfulfilledneedforrecreational,amenityandaestheticspaces;ofwhatexistsandhowfaritmeetstoday’srequirements;of