动名词THE GERUND.docx
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动名词THEGERUND
THEGERUND
THEGERUND
This looks exactlythesameasapresentparticiple,andforthisreasonitisnowcommontocallbothforms 'the -ingform'. Howeveritisusefultounderstandthedifferencebetweenthetwo.Thegerundalwayshasthesamefunctionasanoun（althoughitlookslikeaverb）,soitcanbeused:
a. asthesubjectofthesentence:
∙Eating peopleiswrong.
∙Hunting tigersisdangerous.
∙Flying makesmenervous.
b. asthecomplementoftheverb 'tobe':
∙Oneofhisdutiesis attending meetings.
∙Thehardestthingabout learning Englishisunderstandingthegerund.
∙Oneoflife'spleasuresis having breakfastinbed.
c.afterprepositions. Thegerund must beusedwhenaverbcomesafterapreposition:
∙Canyousneezewithout opening yourmouth?
∙Sheisgoodat painting.
∙They'rekeenon windsurfing.
∙Sheavoidedhimby walking ontheoppositesideoftheroad.
∙WearrivedinMadridafter driving allnight.
∙Myfatherdecidedagainst postponing histriptoHungary.
Thisisalsotrueofcertainexpressionsendinginapreposition,e.g. inspiteof,there'snopointin..:
∙There'snopointin waiting.
∙Inspiteof missing thetrain,wearrivedontime.
d.afteranumberof 'phrasalverbs' whicharecomposedofaverb+preposition/adverb
Example:
tolookforwardto,togiveup,tobefor/against,totaketo,toputoff,tokeepon:
∙Ilookforwardto hearing fromyousoon.（attheendofaletter）
∙Whenareyougoingtogiveup smoking?
∙Shealwaysputsoff going tothedentist.
∙Hekepton asking formoney.
NOTE:
Therearesomephrasalverbsandotherexpressionsthatincludetheword 'to' asapreposition, not aspartofa to-infinitive:
- tolookforwardto,totaketo,tobeaccustomedto,tobeusedto. Itisimportanttorecognisethat 'to' isaprepositioninthesecases,asitmustbefollowedbyagerund:
∙Wearelookingforward to seeing you.
∙Iamused to waiting forbuses.
∙Shedidn'treallytake to studying English.
Itispossibletocheckwhether 'to� isaprepositionorpartofa to-infinitive:
ifyoucanputanounorthepronoun 'it' afterit,thenitisaprepositionandmustbefollowedbyagerund:
∙Iamaccustomed toit （thecold）.
∙Iamaccustomed to being cold.
e.incompoundnouns
Example:
∙a driving lesson,a swimming pool,bird-watching,train-spotting
Itisclearthatthemeaningisthatofanoun,notofacontinuousverb.
Example:
∙thepoolisnotswimming,itisa poolforswimmingin.
f.aftertheexpressions:
can'thelp,can'tstand,it'snouse/good, andtheadjective worth:
∙Shecouldn'thelp falling inlovewithhim.
∙Ican'tstand being stuckintrafficjams.
∙It'snouse/good trying toescape.
∙Itmightbeworth phoning thestationtocheckthetimeofthetrain.
VERBSFOLLOWEDBYTHEGERUND
VERBSFOLLOWEDBYTHEGERUND
Thegerundisusedaftercertainverbs.
Example
miss:
ImisslivinginEngland.
Themostimportantoftheseverbsareshownbelow.
Thosemarked*canalsobefollowedbya that-clause
Example:
VERB
GERUND
Sheadmitted...
breakingthewindow
THAT-CLAUSE
Sheadmitted...
thatshehadbrokenthewindow.
acknowledge,*
admit,*
anticipate,*appreciate,*
avoid,
celebrate,
consider,contemplate,
defer,
delay,
deny,*
detest,
dislike,
dread,
enjoy,
entail,
escape,
excuse,
fancy （=imagine）*,
finish,
forgive,
imagine,*
involve,
keep,
loathe,
mean,（=haveasresult）*
mention,*
mind,
miss,
pardon,
postpone,
prevent,
propose,*
recall,*
recollect,*
remember,
report,*
resent,
resist,
risk,
save （=preventthewastedeffort）
stop,
suggest,*
understand,*
Notes:
Appreciate isfollowedbya possessiveadjective andthegerundwhenthegerunddoesnotrefertothesubject.
Compare:
∙Iappreciate having sometimeoffwork. （I'mhavingthetime...）
∙Iappreciateyour giving mesometimeoffwork. （You'regivingmethetime...）
Excuse,forgive,pardon canbefollowedby anobject andthegerundor for+object andthegerund（bothcommoninspokenEnglish）,ora possessiveadjective +gerund（moreformalandlesslikelytobesaid）:
∙Excuseme interrupting.
∙Excusemefor interrupting.
∙Excusemy interrupting.
Suggest canbeusedinanumberofways,but BECAREFUL.
Itisimportantnottoconfusethesepatterns:
suggest/suggested（+possessiveadjective）+gerund:
∙Hesuggests going toGlastonbury
∙Hesuggested going toGlastonbury
∙Hesuggested/suggestsmy going toGlastonbury
suggest/suggested+that-clause（whereboth that and should maybeomitted）:
∙HesuggeststhatIshouldgotoNewYork
∙HesuggestedthatIshouldgotoNewYork
∙Hesuggested/suggestsIshouldgotoNewYork
∙Hesuggested/suggestsIgotoNewYork
∙HesuggestedIwenttoNewYork.
suggest/suggested+questionword+infinitive:
∙Hesuggestedwheretogo.
Propose isfollowedbythegerundwhenitmeans'suggest':
∙Johnproposed going tothedebate
∙butbytheinfinitivewhenitmeans 'intend':
TheGovernmentproposes bringing innewlaws..
Stop canbefollowedbyagerundorinfinitive,butthereisachangeofmeaning-seeGERUND/INFINITIVE?
section.
Dread isfollowedbytheinfinitivewhenusedwith 'think',intheexpression 'Idreadtothink':
∙Idreadtothinkwhatshe'lldonext.
Prevent isfollowed
EITHER byapossessiveadjective+gerund:
∙Youcan'tpreventmy leaving.
OR byanobject+from+gerund:
∙Youcan'tpreventmefrom leaving.
Examples
∙Normally,agirlwouldn'tthinkof marrying amanshedidnotlove.
∙Mostpeopledon'tlike receiving badnews.
∙Wecan'trisk getting wet-wehaven'tgotanydryclothes.
∙Ifyoutakethatjobitwillmean getting homelateeverynight.
∙Ican'timagine living inthatbighouse.
∙Ifyoubuysomepetrolnow,itwillsaveyou stopping onthewaytoLondon.
∙Shecouldn'tresist eating theplumshefoundinthefridge.
∙Theydecidedtopostpone painting thehouseuntiltheweatherimproved.
VerbsFollowedbyGerunds
9 =verbfollowedbyagerundORanoun+aninfinitive
13 =verbfollowedbyagerundORaninfinitivewithadifferenceinmeaning
14 =verbfollowedbyagerundORaninfinitivewithlittledifferenceinmeaning
admit
Headmittedcheatingonthetest.
advise[9]
Thedoctorgenerallyadviseddrinkinglow-fatmilk.
allow[9]
Irelanddoesn'tallowsmokinginbars.
anticipate
Ianticipatedarrivinglate.
appreciate
Iappreciatedherhelpingme.
avoid
Heavoidedtalkingtoher.
begin[14]
IbeganlearningChinese.
can'tbear[14]
Hecan'tbearhavingsomuchresponsibility.
can'thelp
Hecan'thelptalkingsoloudly.
can'tsee
Ican'tseepayingsomuchmoneyforacar.
can'tstand[14]
Hecan'tstandhersmokingintheoffice.
cease[14]
Thegovernmentceasedprovidingfreehealthcare.
complete
Hecompletedrenovatingthehouse.
consider
SheconsideredmovingtoNewYork.
continue[14]
Hecontinuedtalking.
defend
Thelawyerdefendedhermakingsuchstatements.
delay
Hedelayeddoinghistaxes.
deny
Hedeniedcommittingthecrime.
despise
Shedespiseswakingupearly.
discuss
Wediscussedworkingatthecompany.
dislike
Shedislikesworkingafter5PM.
don'tmind
Idon'tmindhelpingyou.
dread[13]
Shedreadsgettingupat5AM.
encourage[9]
Heencourageseatinghealthyfoods.
enjoy
Weenjoyhiking.
finish[13]
Hefinisheddoinghishomework.
forget[13]
Iforgotgivingyoumybook.
hate[14]
Ihatecleaningthebathroom.
imagine
Heimaginesworkingthereoneday.
involve
ThejobinvolvestravelingtoJapanonceamonth.
keep
Shekeptinterruptingme.
like[14]
Shelikeslisteningtomusic.
love[14]
Iloveswimming.
mention
Hementionedgoingtothatcollege.
mind
Doyoumindwaitinghereforafewminutes.
miss
Shemisseslivingnearthebeach.
need[13]
Theaquariumneedscleaning.
neglect[14]
Sometimessheneglectsdoingherhomework.
permit[9]
Californiadoesnotpermitsmokinginrestaurants.
postpone
HepostponedreturningtoParis.
practice
Shepracticedsingingthesong.
prefer[14]
Hepreferssittingatthebackofthemovietheater.
propose[14]
Iproposedhavinglunchatthebeach.
quit[13]
Shequitworryingabouttheproblem.
recall
Tomrecalledusinghiscreditcardatthestore.
recollect
SherecollectedlivinginKenya.
recommend
Tonyrecommendedtakingthetrain.
regret[13]
Sheregrettedsayingthat.
remember[13]
Iremembertellinghertheaddressyesterday.
report
Hereportedherstealingthemoney.
require[9]
Thecertificaterequirescompletingtwocourses.
resent
NickresentedDebbie'sbeingthere.
resist
Heresistedaskingforhelp.
risk
Heriskedbeingcaught.
start[14]
Hestartedstudyingharder.
stop[13]
Shestoppedworkingat5o'clock.
suggest
Theysuggestedstayingatthehotel.
tolerate
Itoleratedhertalking.
try[13]
Samtriedopeningthelockwithapaperclip.
understand
Iunderstandhisquitting.
urge[9]
Theyurgerecyclingbottlesandpaper.
Gerundsaccompanyaformoftheverb togo inmanyidiomaticexpressions:
Let's goshopping.We wentjogging yesterday.She goesbowling everyFridaynight.
Thefollowingverbswillbefollowedbyagerund.DidI mentionreading thatnovellastsummer?
I recommendleaving whilewecan.I havequitsmoking Theseverbstendtodescribeactualevents.
Initiation,CompletionandIncompletion
anticipate
avoid
begin
cease
complete
delay
finish
getthrough
giveup
postpone
quit
risk
start
stop
try
Communication
admit
advise
deny
discuss
encourage
mention
recommend
report
suggest
urge
ContinuingAction
continue
can'thelp
practice
involve
keep
keepon
Emotion
appreciate
dislike
enjoy
hate
like
love
mind
don'tmind
miss
prefer
regret
can'tstand
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