英语文章中常见的逻辑关系.docx

英语文章中常见的逻辑关系.docx

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英语文章中常见的逻辑关系

英语文章中常见的逻辑关系

1.并列关系

and,andalso,or,neither……nor,either……or,notonly……butalso,likewise,similarly,equally,inthesameway,thatistosay,aswellas,same……as;

2.递进关系

also,then,besides,additionally,inaddition,furthermore,moreover,whatismore;indeed;

3.因果关系

because,for,since,as,thus,hence,therefore,so,so…..that,such…..that,inorderthat,consequently,accordingly,dueto,thanksto,inresponseto,onaccountof,becauseof,consideringthat,seeingthat,inthat,nowthat,lest,asaresult,forthisreason;

4.转折关系

but,however,yet,contrarily,onthecontrary,bycontrast,ontheotherhand,unfortunately;

5.让步关系

although,though,eventhough,evenif,even,nevertheless,despite,inspiteof;regardlessof;

anyway,anyhow

6.列举（顺序）关系

first\second\lastofall,inthefirstplace\inthesecondplace\finally,tobeginwith\tocontinue,first……then,ononehand……ontheotherhand,foronething……foranother,one……another,some……others……stillothers;

7.对比关系

while,whereas,as,/ratherthan,insteadof,not…..but;

8.时间关系

when,whenever,before,after,since,as,while,until,till,simultaneously,meanwhile,inthemeantime,atthesametime;

9.条件关系

if,onlyif,ifonly,unless,otherwise,assoonas,aslongas,incase,supposethat,supposingthat,providedthat,providingthat,when,whenever,with;

10.举例关系

suchas,forexample,forinstance,of（these,those,them）,among（these,those,them）,toillustrate,asanillustration,totakeanexample,morespecificallyspeaking,namely;

关联词运用实例说明

1．表示举例说明

　　acaseinpoint,afterall,asaproof,asanillustration,asanexample,forexample,forinstance,inparticular,justas,namely,such,specifically,thatis,toillustrate,todemonstrate

　　a）Manysoutherncitiesaregrowingabovethenationalaverage—Atlantaisacaseinpoint.

　　b）Thenewsaboutcalciumandkidneystonesisacaseinpoint.

　　c）Prisonersshouldbetreatedwithrespect—theyarehumanbeingsafterall.

　　d）Theseare,afterall,veryfamiliarspecies.

　　e）It'sextremelyexpensivetoliveinNewYork.Forexample,Ipay$1,250foraone-bedroomapartment.

　　f）Manycountries,forexampleMexicoandJapan,havealotofearthquakes.

　　g）OldEnglishwasinmanywayssimilartoModernGerman.Forinstance,thenouns,adjectives,andverbswerehighlyinflected.

　　h）Weneedtorethinkthewayweconsumeenergy.Take,forinstance,ourapproachtotransport.

　　i）Automobilepricesinparticularhavefalleninrecentmonths.

　　j）Hislastalbumsoldhalfamillioncopiesandwehopethisonewillbejustas（=equally）popular.

　　k）Oneofthemostimportantstageshasyettobestarted,namelybeginningtofitthepersonintotheirnewjob.

　　1）Theissuesareintwomainclusters,namelythesafetyandthepricingandprocurementofdrugs.

　　m）Therulesmakeitquiteclearwhatshouldbedoneinsuchasituation.

　　n）We'retalkingaboutmoney—specifically,themoneyweneedtorepairourschools.

　　o）Onesolutionwouldbetochangetheshapeofthescreen,thatis,tomakeitwider.

2．表示增补意义

　　additionally,again,alongwith,also,and,andthen,aswellas,besides,equally,even,further,furthermore,inaddition,inotherwords,justas,likewise,moreover,notonly...butalso,similarly,toputitanotherway,torepeat,then,too,what'smore

　　a）Theymayalsoadditionallyrepresentmuchmore;theymayindeedhaveahighlyintegratingsocialfunction.

　b）Andagain,theseworkshopswillbenefitthecommunityconsiderably.

　　c）Dunnewasmurdered,alongwiththreeguards.

　　d）Sugarisbadforyourteeth.Itcanalsocontributetoheartdisease.

　　e）Thisisaflexibleanduser-friendlysystemsuitableforbeginnersandadvancedusersalike.

　　f）Frytheonionsgently,andthenaddthemeatandcookforafewminutes.

　　g）Theorganizationgiveshelpandsupporttopeopleinneed,aswellasraisingmoneyforlocalcharities.

　　h）Peoplechoosejobsforotherreasonsbesidesmoney.

　　i）Wewanttheeconomytogrow,butequallywewantlowinflation.

　　j）Itispossibletomakegoodmoviescheaply.Further,"low-budget"doesn'thavetomean"bad."

　　k）ThemajorityofAmericansincreasedtheirwealthinthepastdecade.Furthermore,thegainsweresubstantial.

　　l）Anewsecuritysystemwasinstalled.Inaddition,extraguardswerehired.

　　m）ThecompanyprovidescheapInternetaccess.Inaddition,itmakessharewarefreelyavailable.

　　n）Thetaxonlyaffectspeopleonincomesover$200,000—inotherwords,theveryrich.

　　o）Theclamsweredelicious.Likewise,theeggplantwasexcellent.

　　p）Usinglanguageisaverycomplexenterprise.Moreover,thereismoretocommunicationthanmerelyputtingsentencestogether.

　　q）Thesystemwasnotonlycomplicatedbutalsoineffective.

　　r）Thecostoffoodandclothinghascomedowninrecentyears.Similarly,fuelpriceshavefallenquiteconsiderably.

　　s）Moneymakesmoney.Toputitanotherway,themoreyouinvest,thegreateryourpotentialprofitwillbe.

　　t）Theproblemdemandsaglobalsolution.Toputitanotherway,localregulationswillhaveverylittleeffect.

　　u）Firstyouneedtocollectalltheinformationandmakedetailednotes.Thenyoucanstarttoactuallywriteyouressay.

　　v）Thinkaboutwhatyouowe,too,intermsofmortgages,creditcards,loansorhirepurchase.

　　w）Gasisaveryefficientfuel.Andwhat'smore,it'sclean.

3．表示强调

　　aboveall,anyway,asamatteroffact,certainly,indeed,infact,inparticular,mostimportant,obviously,ofcourse,surely,tobesure,truly,undoubtedly,withoutdoubt

　a）Althoughitissomewhatlimitedinitsapplicationsitiseasytooperateandaboveallitisfun.

　　b）Hegotlostandspenthourslookingforthestation,andanywayitwaspastmidnightbythetimehegothome.

　　c）And,asamatteroffact,theU.S.GolfAssociationwasdelighted.

　　d）Booksandpeoplecertainlyaffectedhim.

　　e）Mostoftheessayswereverygoodindeed.

　　f）Herteacherssaidshewasaslowlearner,whereasinfactshewaspartiallydeaf.

　　g）Automobilepricesinparticularhavefalleninrecentmonths.

　　h）Butthereverseistruewhenanattorneyrepresentsapersonwhoisobviouslyguiltyorwhoseguiltiswidelyperceived.

　　i）Thisisveryobviouslytheapproachofsomeonewritingexclusivelyandspecificallyfortheyoung.

　　j）Ofcoursetherewillbesomedifficulttimesahead.

　　k）IfasignwereneededthattheInternethasbecomearealmarket,thearrivaloftaxavoidanceissurelyit.

　　l）Throwingmoneyattheproblemissurelynotthewaytoconvincepeopleofsincerity.

　　m）Itwasdifficult,tobesure,butsomehowwemanagedtofinishthejob.

　　n）Ifwetrulybelievewecanwin,thenwehaveaverygoodchanceatdoingit.

　　o）Undoubtedly,publicinterestinfolkmusichasdeclined.

　　p）Sallywaswithoutdoubtoneofthefinestswimmersintheschool.

　4．表示对比或对照

　　bycontrast,but,conversely,incontrast,instead,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,otherwise,unlike,whereas,while,yet

　　a）Thebirthrateforolderwomenhasdeclined,but,bycontrast,birthstoteenagemothershaveincreased.

　　b）Thepurposeoftheschemeisnottohelptheemployersbuttoprovideworkforyoungpeople.

　　c）Americanconsumerspreferwhiteeggs;conversely,Britishbuyerslikebrowneggs.

　　d）Scandinaviancruisesareverypopularinthesummer;conversely,theCaribbeanismostpopularinthewinter.

　　e）Thestocklost60centsashare,incontrasttolastyear,whenitgained21cents.

　　f）Insteadofbeingannoyed,heseemedquitepleased.

　　g）Itwasn'tagoodthing;onthecontraryitwasahugemistake.

　　h）Nuclearpowerisrelativelycheap.Ontheotherhand,youcouldarguethatit'snotsafe.

　　i）Itisequallyvitalthatbothshouldbementioned,otherwiseaclient,particularlyabuyer,couldbeseriouslymisled.

　　j）Unlikemostpeopleintheoffice,Idon'tcometoworkbycar.

　　k）Abowlofinstantoatmealcostsabout$1.5,whereasregularoatmealcostsonly$0.5perbowl.

　　l）Theoldsystemwasfairlycomplicatedwhereasthenewsystemisreallyverysimple.

　　m）Schoolsinthenorthtendtobebetterequipped,whilethoseinthesoutharerelativelypoor.

　　n）Lastsummertherewasadrought,yetsomepeoplewerestillwateringtheirlawnseveryday.

5．表示比较

　　bycomparison,equally,equallyimportant,incomparison,inthesameway,inthesamemanner,like,likewise,similarly

　　a）Aftermonthsoflivinginatropicalclimate,Spainseemedcoolbycomparison.

　　b）BycomparisonwithotherEuropeancountries,carpricesintheUKareveryhigh.

　　c）Evenwhenthecorrectwordwasgivenahighprobability,thereweremanyotherwordswithanequallyhighprobability.

　　d）Manybusinesspeopledonotknowwhatsexualharassmentis.Equallyimportant,theydonotknowhowtopreventit.

　　e）anextremelyunpleasantdiseasewhichis,however,easytotreat

　　f）Cottonproductionwasontheincrease.However,itwasstillasmallindustrycomparedtohempandcanvasproduction.

　　g）Thedeafchildrenofhearingparentsarealmostnormalincomparison,havingeverythingexceptlanguageexperience.

　　h）Thereisoftenstrongersocialcontrolevidentinthesocialisationofgirlsincomparisontoboys.

　　i）Goodmanagementaccountsseparatethewell-organisedfromtherestbutarenotvitalinthesameway.

　　j）Idon'twanthimtreatingmelikeJimtreatedme.

　　k）Theclamsweredelicious.Likewise,theeggplantwasexcellent.

　　l）Thecostoffoodandclothinghascomedowninrecentyears.Similarly,fuelpriceshavefallenquiteconsiderably.

6．表示让步

　　admittedly,afterall,allthesame,