中国科学技术大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题.docx

中国科学技术大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题.docx

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中国科学技术大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题

中国科学技术大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

PAPERONE

SECTIONⅠREADINGCOMPREHENSION（30points）

Directions：

Thereare5passagesinthissection．Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements．ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA，B，CandD．YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandthenblackenthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet．

PassageOne

Questions1to4arebasedonthefollowingpassage：

StudyingsciencewithinasocialandpoliticalcontextisnotpartofcurrentscientifictrainingintheU．S．Instead，scientistsbelievethattheyarestudying“knowledgeforknowledge’ssake．”Theyworkwithinasocialstructureofcompetitionandrewardthatencouragespursuitofrecognitionofcolleaguesandprestigeattheexpenseofhumanness．

Scientistsundergolongyearsoftraining．PhDstudents，forexample，doapproximately3-5yearsofpost—undergraduateworkandfrequentlyanadditional2-3yearsofpostdoctoralstudybeforestartingajobatthelowestleveloftheso—calledprofessionalorder．Fromthebeginningthescientististrainedinthescientificmethod，whichteachesonetoisolateanobjectforstudy，toanalyzeitsinternalworkings，toformulatelawsaboutit．Boththeisolationoftheobjectandthemethodusedtoexamineit，i．e．lookingatpartsratherthanthewhole，reinforcepiecemealratherthancomprehensivethinking．Itwouldnotbepossibleforsciencetoappear“neutral”ifitwereviewedaspartoftheculturalandsocialinstitutionsthatsupport，createandencourageit．Scienceasitiscurrentlypracticedisconcernedwithvalidityandnotwithvalues．Itispursuitofknowledgeregardlessofmoralconsideration．

Longyearsoftraininginreductionistthinkingproducesscientistswhoareexperts，specialpeoplewhoarethoughttobemoreknowledgeable，rational，preciseandbrighterthanothers．Thescientistbecomesa“professional“isolatedfromcommonpeopleandoftenunabletotalkwithothersunlikehimself．This“professionalism”allowsthescientisttodisregardanyquestioningofhisworkthatdoesnotbelongtohisscientificresearch．Itallowsscientiststokeepaprofessionaldistancebetweenthemselvesandnon—scientistsaswellasbetweenselvesandsubordinates．Anditsupportsthesocialorderwithinscienceitself．Itisnotunusualthatscientistsatthetopcanorganizeanddirectworkofsubordinatesandnotevenbequestionedaboutit．

Clearlythetraininganddevelopmentof“professional”scientistsproducepersonsforthemostpartwhodonotandperhapscannotexaminethesocialvaluesoftheirwork，andwhonotonlyshutoutcriticismbutsilenceit．Givensuchlongyearsoftrainingandsocializationintheideologyandbehaviorofscience，itisnotsurprisingthatscientistswhodomilitaryresearchregardtheirworkasvaluefree．

1．Whichofthefollowingwoulda“professional”scientistshowthemostconcernfor?

A．Thelong-termsocialeffectofhistheories．

B．Applicationofhistheoriestosocialsituation．

C．Formulationoftheoriesbasedonanalysis．

D．Theconnectionofhistheorieswithothersubjects．

2．Accordingtotheauthor，intheprofessionofscience_________．

A．scientistsrespecteachother’sopinions．

B．scientistswelcomecriticismfromnon—scientists．

C．thecompetitionbetweenscientistsisencouraged．

D．youngscientistsaretrainedtobeblindlyobedient．

3．Somescientistsinmilitaryresearchbelievethat_________．

A．theyareinpursuitofknowledge

B．militaryresearchisofgreatvaluetothenation

C．theyenjoyfreedomonlywhentheyaredoingmilitaryresearch

D．militaryresearchshouldnotbecontrolledbytheState．

4．ThescientifictrainingintheU．S．emphasizes_________．

A．comprehensivethinking

B．analyticalthinking

C．socialapplication

D．BothAandB

PassageTwo

Questions5to8arebasedonthefollowingpassage：

Byfarthemostcommondifficultyinstudyissimplefailuretogetdowntoregularconcentratedwork．Thisdifficultyismuchgreaterforthosewhodonotworktoaplanandhavenoregularroutineofstudy．Manystudentsmuddlealong，doingabitofthissubjectorthat，asthemoodtakesthem，orlettingtheirsetworkpileupuntilthelastpossiblemoment．

Fewstudentsworktoasettime-table．Theysaythatiftheydidconstructatimetableforthemselvestheywouldnotkeeptoit，orwouldhavetoalteritconstantly，sincetheycanneverpredictfromonedaytothenextwhattheiractivitieswillbe．

Nodoubtsometemperamentstakemuchmorekindlytoaregularroutinethanothers．Therearemanywhoshyawayfromtheself-regimentationofaweeklytime-table，anddislikebeingtieddowntoadefiniteprogrammeofwork．Manyablestudentsclaimthattheyworkincycles．Whentheybecomeinterestedinatopictheyworkonitintensivelyforthreeorfourdaysatatime．Onotherdaystheyavoidworkcompletely．Ithastobeconfessedthatwedonotfullyunderstandthecomplexitiesofthemotivationtowork．Mostpeopleover25yearsofagehavebecomeconditionedtoaworkroutine，andthemajorityofreallyproductiveworkerssetasideregularhoursforthemoreimportantaspectsoftheirwork．The‘tough-minded’schoolofworkersisusuallyverycontemptuousoftheideathatgoodworkcanonlybedonespontaneously，undertheinfluenceofinspiration．

Thosewhobelievethattheyneedonlyworkandstudyasthefittakesthemhaveamistakenbeliefeitherintheirowntalentorinthevalueof‘freedom’．Freedomfromrestraintanddisciplineleadstounhappinessratherthanto‘self-expression’or‘personalitydevelopment’．Oursocietyinsistsonregularhabits，timekeepingandpunctuality，andwhetherwelikeitornot，ifwemeantomakeourwayinsocietywehavetocomplywithitsdemands．

5．Themostwidespreadprobleminapplyingoneselftostudyisthatof_________．

A．thefailuretokeeptoaroutineofmethodicalandintensivework

B．changingfromonesubjecttoanother

C．unwillingnesstofollowasystematicplan

D．applyingoneselftoasubjectonlywhenonefeelsinclined

6．Thoseworkerswithstrictviewsonwork_________．

A．areverycriticalofthebeliefthatgoodworkcanbeanaturalproductofinstinct

B．rejecttheideathatgoodworkissecondnaturetoman

C．donotregardasserioustheopinionthatgoodworkcanbedoneatanytimeregardlessofinspiration

D．aredeeplyscornfuloftheideathatgoodworkcanonlybedonewhenfreefromexternal

influenceandpromptedbyinternalstimulus

7．InParagraph4“asthefittakesthem”means_________．

A．whentheyhavetheenergy

B．whentheyareinthemood

C．whentheyfindconditionssuitable

D．whentheyfeelfit

8．Asuitabletitleforthepassagemightbe_________．

A．AttitudestoStudy

B．StudyPlans

C．TheDifficultiesofStudying

D．StudyandSelf-discipline

PassageThree

Questions9to12arebasedonthefollowingpassage：

Traditionally，thestudyofhistoryhashadfixedboundariesandfocalpoints—periods．countries，climaticevents，andgreatleaders．Italsohashadclearandfirmnotionsofscholarlyprocedure：

howoneinquiresintoahistoricalproblem，howonepresentsanddocumentsone’sfindings，whatconstitutesadmissibleandadequateproof．

Anyonewhohasfollowedrecenthistoricalliteraturecantestifytotherevolutionthatistakingplaceinhistoricalstudies．Thecurrentlyfashionablesubjectscomedirectlyfromthesociologycatalog：

childhood，work，leisure．Thenewsubjectsareaccompaniedbynewmethods．Wherehistoryoncewasprimarilynarrative，itisnowentirelyanalytic．Theoldquestions“Whathappened?

”And“Howdidithappen?

”Havegivenwaytothequestion“Whydidithappen?

”Prominentamongthemethodsusedtoanswerthequestion“Why”ispsychoanalysis，anditsusehasgivenrisetopsychohistory．

Psychohistorydoesnotmerelyusepsychologicalexplanationsinhistoricalcontexts．Historianshavealwaysusedsuchexplanationswhentheywereappropriateandwhentherewassufficientevidenceforthem．Butthispragmaticuseofpsychologyisnotwhatpsychohistoriansintend．Theyarecommitted，notjusttopsychologyingeneral，buttoFreudianpsychoanalysis．Thiscommitmentprecludesacommitmenttohistoryashistorianshavealwaysunderstoodit．Psychohistoryderivesits“facts”notfromhistory，thedetailedrecordsofeventsandtheirconsequences，butfrompsychoanalysisoftheindividualswhomadehistory，anddeducesitstheoriesnotfromthisorthatinstanceintheirlives，butfromaviewofhumannaturethattranscendshistory．Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence：

thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibleto，andthereforeassessableby，allhistorians．Anditviolatesthebasictenetofhistoricalmethod：

thathistoriansbealerttothenegativeinstancesthatwouldrefutetheirtheses．Psychohistorians，convincedoftheabsoluterightnessoftheirowntheories，arealsoconvincedthattheirsisthe“deepest”explanationofanyevent，thatotherexplanationsfallshortofthetruth．

Psychohistoryisnotcontenttoviolatethedisciplineofhistory（inthesenseofthepropermodeofstudyingandwritingaboutthepast）；italsoviolatesthepastitself．Itdeniestothepastanintegrityandwillofitsown，inwhichpeopleactedoutofavarietyofmotivesandinwhicheventshadamultiplicityofcausesandeffects．Itimposesuponthepastthesamedeterminationthatitimposesuponthepresent，thusrobbingpeopleandeventsoftheirindividualityandoftheircomplexity．Insteadofrespectingtheparticularityofthepast，itassimilatesallevents，pastandpresent，intoasingledeterministicschemathatispresumedtobetrueatalltimesandinallcircumstances．

9．Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainpointofthepassage?

A．Theapproachofpsychohistorianstohistoricalstudyiscurrentlyinvogueeventhoughitlackstherigorandverifiabilityoftraditionalhistoricalmethod．

B．Traditionalhistorians