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人力资源管理专业词汇英文版
AppendixA
GlossaryofHumanResourceManagementTerms
absenteesAbsenteesareemployeeswhoarescheduledtobeatworkbutarenotpresent.
AccidentandsicknesspoliciesAccidentandsicknesspoliciesusuallyprovideaminimum-carestipendforseveralweeksuptosixmonthstohelpemployeesdefraythelossofincomewhiletheyaresickorrecoveringfromanaccident.
accreditationAccreditationisaprocessofcertifyingthecompetenceofapersoninanareaofcapability.TheSocietyforHumanResourceManagementoperatesanaccreditationprogramforpersonnelprofessionals.
activelisteningActivelisteningrequiresthelistenertostoptalking,toremovedistractions,tobepatient,andtoempathizewiththetalker.
adverseselectionAdverseselectionoccurswhenaninsurancecompanyhasadisproportionatelyhighpercentageofinsuredswhowillmakeclaimsinthefuture.Adverseselectionoftenresultswhenpeoplearegivenachancetobuyinsurancewithoutprescreening,whichoftenmeansthatahigherthannormalproportionhaveaconditionthatislikelytocausethemtobefrequentclaimants.
affirmativeactionprogramsAffirmativeactionprogramsaredetailedplansdevelopedbyemployerstoundotheresultsofpastemploymentdiscrimination,ortoensureequalopportunityinthefuture.
AgeDiscriminationinEmploymentActof1967(asamended)Thisactprohibitsdiscriminationonemploymentbecauseofageagainstthosewhoare40andolder.
AmericanFederationofLaborandCongressofIndustrialOrganization(AFL-CIO)TheAFL-CIOisafederationofmostnationalunions.Itexiststoprovideaunifiedfocalpointforthelabormovement,toassistnationalunions,andtoinfluencegovernmentpoliciesthataffectmembersandworkingpeople.
appliedresearchAppliedresearchisastudyofpracticalproblems,thesolutionsofwhichwillleadtoimprovedperformance.
arbitrationArbitrationisthesubmissionofadisputetoaneutralthirdparty.
assessmentcentersAssessmentcentersareastandardizedformofemployeeappraisalthatreliesonmultipletypesofevaluationandmultipleraters.
associatemembershipAssociatemembershipinalabororganizationallowspeoplewhoarenotemployedunderaunioncontracttoaffiliatewithaunionbypayingfeesandduesinreturnforunion-supportedbenefits.
attitudesurveysAttitudesurveysaresystematicmethodsofdeterminingwhatemployeesthinkabouttheirorganization.Thesurveysareusuallydonethroughquestionnaires.Attitudesurveyfeedbackresultswhentheinformationcollectedisreportedbacktotheparticipants.Thisprocessthenisusuallyfollowedbyactionplanningtoidentifyandresolvespecificareasofemployeeconcern.
attritionAttritionisthelossofemployeeswholeavetheorganization'semployment.
auditreportTheauditreportisacomprehensivedescriptionofpersonnelactivities.Itincludesbothcommendationforeffectivepracticesandrecommendationsforimprovingpracticesthatareineffective.
auditteamAnauditteamconsistsofthosepeoplewhoareresponsibleforevaluatingtheperformanceofthepersonneldepartment.
authorizationcardsAuthorizationcardsareformsthatprospectiveunionmemberssign.Thecardsindicatetheirwishtohaveanelectiontodeterminewhetheralabororganizationwillrepresenttheworkersintheirdealingswithmanagement.
autonomousworkgroupsAutonomousworkgroupsareteamsofworkers,withoutaformalcompany-appointedleader,whodecideamongthemselvesmostdecisionstraditionallyhandledbysupervisors.
autonomyAutonomyishavingcontroloverone'swork.
bargainingbookAbargainingbookisacompilationofthenegotiationteam'splansforcollectivebargainingwithlaborormanagement.Increasingly,thebargainingbookisbeingreplacedbyinformationstoredinaccompanyorunioncomputer.
bargainingcommitteeTheunionbargainingcommitteeconsistsofunionofficialsandstewardswhonegotiatewithmanagement'srepresentativestodeterminewages,hours,andworkingconditionstobeembodiedinthelaboragreement.
behaviorallyanchoredratingscales(BARS)BARSrateemployeesscalethathasspecificbehavioralexamplesonittoguidetherater.
BehavioralmodelingBehavioralmodelingreliesontheinitiationoremulationofadesiredbehavior.Arepetitionofbehaviormodelinghelpstodevelopappropriateresponsesinspecifiedsituations.
behaviormodificationBehaviormodificationstatesthatbehaviordependsonitsconsequences.
blindadsBlindadsarewantadsthatdonotidentifytheemployer.
bonafideoccupationalqualifications(BFOQ)ABFOQoccurswhenanemployerhasajustifiedbusinessreasonfordiscriminatingagainstamemberofaprotectedclass.TheburdenofprovingaBFOQgenerallyfallsontheemployer.
bottom-linetestThebottom-linetestisappliedbytheEqualEmploymentOpportunityCommissiontodetermineifafirm'soverallselectionprocessishavinganadverseimpactonprotectedgroups.Eventhoughindividualstepsintheselectionprocessmightexhibitanadverseimpactonaprotectedgroup,thefirmwillbeconsideredincomplianceiftheoverallprocessdoesnothaveanadverseeffect.
BoulwarismBoulwarismisanegotiationstrategydevelopedbyGeneralElectric.Usingthisapproachthecompanymadeits"best"offertotheunionatthebeginningofnegotiations.Thenitremainedfirmunlesstheunioncouldfindwheremanagementhaderredinthecalculationsusedtoarriveattheoffer.ThisstrategyhasbeenruledasanunfairlaborpracticebytheNationalLaborRelationsBoardandbythefederalcourts.
brainstormingBrainstormingisaprocessbywhichparticipantsprovidetheirideasonastatedproblemduringafreewheelinggroupsession.
buddysystemThe"buddysystem"oforientationexistswhenanexperiencedemployeeisaskedtoshowanewworkeraroundthejobsite,conductintroduction,andanswerthenewcomer'squestions.
burnoutBurnoutisaconditionofmental,emotional,andsometimesphysicalexhaustionthatresultsfromsubstantialprolongedstress.
businessagentAbusinessagentisafull-timeemployeeofalocal(usuallycraft)union.Thebusinessagenthelpsemployeesresolvetheirproblemswithmanagement.
businessunionismBusinessunionismdescribesunionsthatseektoimprovethewages,hours,andworkingconditionsoftheirmembersinabusinesslikemanner.(Seesocialunionism.)
buy-backBuy-backsoccurwhenanemployeewhoattemptstoresignisconvincedtostayintheemploymentoftheorganization.Normallythepersonis"boughtback"withanofferofincreasedwagesorsalary.
CafeteriabenefitprogramsCafeteriabenefitprogramsallowemployeestoselectthefringebenefitsandservicesthatanswertheirindividualneeds.
careerAcareerisallthejobsthatareheldduringone'sworkinglife.
careercounselingCareercounselingassistsemployeesinfindingappropriatecareergoalsandpaths.careerdevelopmentCareerdevelopmentconsistsofthoseexperiencesandpersonalimprovementsthatoneundertakestoachieveacareerplan.
careergoalsCareergoalsarethefuturepositionsthatonestrivestoreach.Thesegoalsserveasbenchmarksalongone'scareerpath.
careerpathAcareerpathisthesequentialpatternofjobsthatformone'scareer.
careerplanningCareerplanningistheprocessbywhichoneselectscareergoalsandpathstothosegoals.
careerplateauAcareerplateauoccurswhenanemployeeisinapositionthatheorshedoeswellenoughnottobedemotedorfiredbutnotwellenoughtobepromoted.
changeagentsChangeagentsarepeoplewhohavetheroleofstimulatingchangewithinagroup.
checkoffAcheckoffprovisioninaunion-managementlaboragreementrequirestheemployertodeductunionduesfromemployeepaychecksandtoremitthosemoneystotheunion.
CivilRightsActof1964Thisactwaspassedtomakevariousformsofdiscriminationillegal.
closedshopAclosedshopisaworkplacewhereallemployeesarerequiredtobemembersoftheunionbeforetheyarehired.ThesearrangementsareillegalundertheNationalLaborRelationsAct.
codeterminationCodeterminationisaformofindustrialdemocracyfirstpopularizedinWestGermany.Itgivesworkerstherighttohaverepresentativesvoteonmanagementdecisions.
coinsuranceclauseAcoinsuranceclauseisaprovisioninaninsurancepolicythatrequirestheemployeetopayapercentageoftheinsured'sexpenses
communicationCommunicationisthetransferofinformationandunderstandingfromonepersontoanother.
comparableworthComparableworthistheideathatajobshouldbeevaluatedastoitsvaluetotheorganizationandthenpaidaccordingly.Thusjobsofcomparableworthwouldbepaidequally.Forexample,twopeoplewithwidelydifferentjobswouldbothreceivethesamepayifthetwojobswereofequalvaluetotheemployer.
comparativeevaluationapproachesComparativeevaluationapproachesareacollectionofdifferentmethodsthatcompareoneperson'sperformancewiththatofco-workers.
compensationCompensationiswhatemployeesreceiveinexchangefortheirwork.
ComprehensiveEmploymentandTrainingActof1973(CETA)CETAwasabroad-rangingactdesignedtoprovidejobtraining,employment,andjobhuntingassistancetolessadvantagedpersons.IthassincebeenreplacedbytheJobPartnershipTrainingAct.
concentrationinemploymentConcentrationexistswhenanemployer(orsomesubdivisionsuchasadepartment)hasahigherproportionofemployeesfromaprotectedclassthanisfoundintheemployer'slabormarket.(Seeunderutilization.)
concessionarybargainingConcessionarybargainingoccurswhenlabormanagementn