英语语言学名词.docx

英语语言学名词.docx

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英语语言学名词

英语语言学名词

现代语言学

一绪论

1Linguisitics:

语言学Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage

2Phonetics:

语音学Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticscommunicationiscalledphonetics.Forexample,vowelsandconsonants元音、辅音、声调、重音以及节奏、音变

3Phonology:

音韵学Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.Forexample,phone,phoneme,andallophone.

4Morphology:

形态学Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.Forexample,boyand“ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.

5Syntax:

句法学Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.Forexample,”Johnlikelinguistics.”

6Semantics:

语义学Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.Forexample:

“Thesealcouldnotbefound.Thezookeeperbecameworried.Thesealcouldnotbefound,Thekingbecameworried.”Herethewordsealmeansdifferentthings.同义词、反义词，同音词

7Pragmatics:

语用学Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.Forexample,“Ido”Theworddomeansdifferentcontext.在特定情景中的特定话语，研究如何通过语境来理解和使用语言。

8Sociolinguistics:

社会语言Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.Forexample:

regionaldialects,socialvariationinlanguage.方言，

9Psycholinguistics:

语言心理Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetoworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.

二音系学

1Phonetics:

语音学Thestudyofsoundsthatareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.

2Phonology:

音韵Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.

3Phone:

语音Phonecanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning;somedo,somedon’t.

4Phoneme:

音素；音位Phonologyisconcernedwiththespeechsoundswhichdistinguishmeaning.Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.

5Allophone:

音位变体Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.

6Complementarydistribution:

互补分布，语言学专业名词。

当两个语言成分（辅音、元音、词素等）不能在同一个环境中出现，即可形成语言互补分布。

Thesetwoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.

7Minimalpair:

最小对，在一种语言中，在某一方面差异最小的一组成分Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.

8Stress:

重读Whenacertainsyllableofawordisstressed,itmeansthatthesyllableispronouncedwithgreatforcethantheotherorothers.

9tones:

声调Tonesarepitchvariation,whicharecausedbythedifferentratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.Pitchvariationscandistinguishmeaningjustlikephoneme;therefore,thetoneisasuprasegementalfeature.

10Intonation:

语调Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.Intonationplaysanimportantroleinconveyingmeaninginalmosteverylanguage,especiallyinalanguagelikeEnglish

三形态学

1morphology:

形态学Morphologyisabranchofgrammerwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

2inflectionalmorphology:

曲折形态学Inflectionalmorphologystudiestheinflectionsofword-formation.

3derivationalmorphology:

派生形态学Derivationalmorphologyisthestudyofword-formation.

4morpheme:

Morphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.

5freemorpheme:

自由语素Freemorphemearethemorphemeswhichareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesorincombinationwithothermorphemes.

6boundmorpheme:

黏着词素Boundmorphemesarethemorphemeswhichcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.

7root:

Arootisoftenseenaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning;itmustbecombinedwithanotherrootoranaffixtoformaword.

8affix:

词缀Affixesareoftwotypes:

inflectionalandderivational.

9prefix:

前缀Prefixoccuratthebeginningofaword.

10suffix:

后缀Suffixesareaddedtotheendofthestems;theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.

11derivation:

派生Derivationaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword.Derivationcanbeviewedastheaddingofaffixestostemtoformneswords.

12compounding:

复合词Likederivation,compoundingisanotherpopularandimportantwayofformingnewwordsinEnglish.Compoundingcanbeviewedasthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwords.

四句法学

1linguisticcompetence:

Comskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

2sentence:

Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatementquestionorcommand.

3transformationrules:

Syntacticmovementisgovernedbytransformationalrules.Theoperationofthetransformationalrulesmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.

4D-structure:

Asentencemayhavetwolevelsofsyntacticrepresentation.Oneexistsbeforemovementtakeplace,theotheroccursaftermovementtakeplace.Informallinguisticexploration,thesetwosyntacticrepresentationarecommonlytermedasD-structure.

5Moveа:

Justasthereisageneralruleforallphrasestructurerules,i,e.theX-barschema,thereisageneralmovementruleaccountingforthesyntacticbehaviorofanyconstituentmovement.ThismovementruleiscalledMoveа

五语义学

1semantics:

语义学Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.

2sense:

Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractanddecontextualized.

3reference:

Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.

4synonymy:

同义词Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonymy.

5polysemy:

一词多义Polysemyreferstothefactthatthesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.Awordhavingmorethanonemeaningiscalledapolysemicword.

6antonymy:

反义词Antonymyreferstotheoppositenessofmeaning.Wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningarecalledantonyms.

7homonymy:

同音异意Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e.differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.

8hyponymy:

下义关系Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.

9componentialanalysis:

成分分析Componentialanalysisisawaytoanalyzewprdmeaning.Itwasproposedbystructuralsemanticists.

10grammaticalmeaning:

语法意义Thegrammaticalmeaningofasentencereferstoitsgrammaticality,i.e.itsgrammaticalwell-formedness.Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedbythegrammaticalrulesofthelanguage.

11semanticmeaning:

Thesemanticmeaningofasentenceisgovernedbyrulescalledselectionalrestrictions.

12predication:

预言Insemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitiscalledpredication.Thepredicationistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.

六语用学

1pragmatics:

Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.

2context:

语境，上下文Thenotionofcontextisessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.Generallyspeaking,itconsistsoftheknowledgethatissharedbythespeakerandthehearer.

3utterancemeaning:

话语意义Utteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itisrealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.

4locutionaryact:

言内行为Alocutionaryactistheactofutterancewords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexionandphonology.

5illocutionaryact:

言外行为Anillocutionaryactistheactexpressingthespeaker’sintention;Itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.

6perlocutionaryact:

言后行为Aillocutionaryactistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething:

itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance;itistheactperformedbysayingsomething.

七历史语言学

1historicallinguistics:

Historicallinguisticsisthesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudieslanguagechange.

2apocope:

字尾音消失（省略）Anotherwell-documentedsoundlossisthedeletionofaword-finalvowelsegement,aphenomenoncalledapocope.

3epenthesis:

插入音Achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownasepenthesis.

4metathesis:

音位转换，语音异位Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovementisknownasmetathesis.

5compounding:

Compoundingisaprocessofcombiningtwoormorewordsintoonelexicalunit.

6derivation:

Derivationreferstotheprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytheadditionofaffixestotheroots.

7blending:

Blendingisaprocessofforminganewwordbycombiningpartsofotherwords.

8back-formation:

Back-formationisaprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytakingawaythesuffixofanexistingword.

9semanticbroadening:

Semanticbroadeningreferstotheprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbecomesgeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearlierdenotation.

10semanticnarrowing:

Semanticnarrowingisaprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbecomeslessgeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearliermeaning.

11semant