拓展班句子写作提纲.docx

拓展班句子写作提纲.docx

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拓展班句子写作提纲

《句子的写作技巧》讲课提纲及练习

（人大《研究生英语写译教程》提高级、第二版）

Part1.Somebasicqualitiesofsentences

1.SentenceClarity

（1）Correctdiction

1）Positionofadverbs

2）Positionofmodifiersingeneral

3）Watchingforsquintingconstruction

4）Useofpronouns

Threemainkindsofpronounreferenceerrors:

A.Dividedreference

B.Broadreference

C.Weakreference

ExercisesforPronounReference（见p10）

Rewritethesesentences,correctingthemforfaultypronounreference.

（1）Mr.SmithtoldMr.Brownthathischickenswereinhisgarden.

（2）RiceisanimportantcropinChina,andmanyofthemhavelittleelsetoeat.

（3）Whenweclimbeduptotherobin’snest,itflewaway.

（4）Europeandairycattlecanadjustthemselvestoawiderangeoftemperature,particularlyifthischangesgradually.

（5）Beforeyougivethebabyitsbottle,shakeitwell.

（6）Youhadyourchoiceoftoothpowderortoothpaste,andyouboughtitwithoutrememberingthatIdon’tliketouseit.

（7）Afewpoddiseasesdamagethebeansiftheyarelefttodevelop.

（8）Ifadogshouldbiteanymaninthatgangofruffians,hewoulddie.

（9）Onlyatninety-ninedegreesdidthevegetationbegintowilt,andthiswasnotsurprising.

（10）WhenIsawtheadvertisementforanelectrictraininthatmagazine,Iboughtitimmediately.

（11）Ifanupperclassmanisdispleasedwithsomethingafreshmandoes,heispunishedforit.

（12）Thefarmerstoldhisneighborthathissonhadstolenhisapplesandthatheoughttobespanked.

（13）Ihadplannedtobecomealacquer,butIhavelostmyenthusiasmforit.

（14）InMongoliatheydon’thavemanyrailroadlines.

（15）Myroommatetaughtmehowtowaterskiandscubadive,andIhavebecomeveryskilledatit.

5）Consistency

A.Sentencesconsistentinpersonandnumber

B.Sentencesconsistentintenseandmood

C.Sentencesconsistentinsubjectandvoice

ExercisesforConsistency（见P12）

I.Revisethesentencesbelowtomakethemconsistentinpersonandnumber.

Example:

APlumberwillfixburstpipes,buttheywon’trepairwaterloggedappliances.

Plumberswillfixburstpipes,buttheywon’trepairwaterloggedappliances.

（1）Ifapersonhasjustmovedtothecity,youhavetroubleknowingwheretogo.

（2）Whenataxpayerdoesnotfileontime,theyhavetopayapenalty.

（3）Writersmustknowwhattheyarewritingabout;otherwiseonecannotwrite.

（4）Ifastudentmissestoomanyclasses,youmayfailacourse.

（5）Oneshouldnotjudgeotherpeople’sactionsunlesstheyknowthecircumstances.

2.Revisethesentencesbelowtomakethemconsistentintenseandmood.

Example:

Lynnrancofirst,roundedthebase,andkeepsrunninguntilsheslidesintosecond.

Lynnrantofirst,roundedthebase,andkeptrunninguntilsheslidintosecond.

（1）Soonafterhejoinedtheunion,Lesterappearsatarallyandmakesaspeech.

（2）Firstsanddownanypaintthatispeeling;thenyoushouldpaintthebarewoodwithprimer.

（3）Racheliswalkingdownthestreet,andsuddenlyshestops,asashotrangout.

（4）Rudenessoccurswhenpeopledidnotseethemselvesasotherssawthem.

（5）Tobuyatapedeck,findoutwhatfeaturesyouneedandyoushoulddecidewhatyouwanttopay.

3.Makethesentencesbelowconsistentinsubjectandvoice.

Example:

Atthereuniontheyatehotdogsandvolleyballwasplayed.

Atthereuniontheyatehotdogsandplayedvolleyball.

（1）Somearrowheadsweredugup,andtheyfoundsomepotterythatwasalmostun-damaged.

（2）Theystartedthegameaftersomepracticedrillswererun.

（3）Thetornadorippedofftheroof,anditwasdepositedinanearbylot.

（4）Thedebatewasbegunbythesenatorwhenheintroducedthenewbill.

（5）Ifyoulearnhowtotakegoodnotesinclass,muchextraworkwillbeavoided.

4.IdentifyeachfaultyshiftintheFollowingparagraphasinconsistentinperson,number,tense,mood,subject,voice,orformorquotation.Revisethefaultysentencestoeliminatetheshifts.

Oneisalwaysurgedtoconserveenergy,andwetrytodothat.However,savingenergyrequiresmakingsacrifices.Mychildrenlikebaths,notshowers,sohowcanItellthemthattheymustkeepcleanandtheninsist,“Youmustnotusethebath?

”Theywon’tstayclean.Idon’tmindacoolhouse,butithastobekeptwarmwhenyouhavetheflu.Everyoneen-joysafireinthefireplace,buttheyfailtorealizehowmuchheatfromthefurnacewasre-leasedupthechimney.Nonetheless,wehavetolearntolivewithinconveniencesorbeintroducedtorealhardshiplateron.

5）Completeness

A.Avoidomittinginconsistentconstituentsfromcompoundconstructions

B.Avoidincompleteandillogicalcomparisons

C.Avoidcarelessomissionofarticle,prepositionsorotherneededwords.

ExercisesforCompleteness（见P15）

Revisethesentencesbelowsothattheyarecomplete,logical,andclear.Somehavemorethanonepossibleanswer.

Example:

Ourhouseisclosertothecourthousethanthesubwaystop.

Ourhouseisclosercothecourthousethanitistothesubwaystop.

Ourhouseisclosertothecourthousethanthesubwaystopis.

（1）Bothofthemnotonlybelievebutworkforenergyconservation.

（2）Thelegalquestionraisedbytileprosecutionwasrelevantandconsideredbythejudge.

（3）FootballinterestedRalphmorethanhisfriends.

（4）HistipwaslargerthananycustomerIeverwaitedon.

（5）Withanaltitudeof6,288feet,NewHampshire’sMountWashingtonishigherthananymountaininNewEngland.

（6）Thedogisonlyapuppy;thecatsbothtenyearsold.

（7）Mychemistrytextismoreinterestingtomethananyothersocialsciencetext.

（8）Hefeareddarknessandthedropintemperaturewouldtraptheclimbersonthemountain.

（9）Inventorsusuallyhaveaninterestandtalentforsolvingpracticalproblems.

（2）ProperPunctuation

1）Placingofperiod

2）Insertionofcommaandsemicolon

3）Useofinterrogationpoint

2.SentenceUnity（见p16）

（1）Preservationofsentenceunity

●Determinefirstwhatistobethecentralthoughtofthesentence.

●Whenthecentralthoughtneedsexplanation,exemplification,orrepetition,useanadditionalclauseorclauses.

●Incertaindescriptiveandnarrativesentencesdealingwithindividualfactsanddetailsrelatedbycontiguityinspaceortime,grouptheclausestogetherwithsemicolons.

（2）Precautionsconcerningsentenceunity

1）Changeofsubject

2）Separationofideas

3）Crowdingdetails

4）Loosearrangementofrelativeclauses

ExercisesforSentenceUnity（见p19）

Testtheunityinthefollowingsentencesandimproveeachoneinthebestwayyoucan.

（1）Thestudentwasdisobedientandtheteacherpunishedhim.

（2）MiltonwasoneofalargefamilyandwassenttoOxfordtostudylaw.

（3）Thegameswereveryinteresting,andIwasgreatlyabsorbed,andwhenIstartedhome.IfoundthatIhadtornalargeholeinmybestbluesilkgown.

（4）Thesealooksbeautifulinthesunlightandisveryusefulforthepassageofships.

（5）Ithasneverbeendonebadlybyhim,andsometimeshedoesitwithextraordinaryskill.

（6）Itisjustayearsincethefoundationwaslaid,andthecostofthewholebuildinganditsequipmentissixthousanddollars.

（7）AnyonewhodesirestolearntheChineselanguagemustbeginyoung,foryoucan-notmasteritreadilyafteryouaretwenty-five.

（8）Johnwishedtoattendthegame,butcouldnotdosoonaccountofaseverecold;however,heisbetternow.

（9）Putthenutsintheoventobrownthem,andonecaneasilytellwhentheyaredone,fortheywillhaveassumedarichbrowncolor.

（10）Fardowntherivertherewasalovelyvistatobeseen,andfrommywindowIcouldlookoutuponaveryextensiveandbeautifulpark.

3.SentenceCoherence（见P20）

Sentencecoherencedealswithharmonizingthedifferentpartsofthesentence,notonlyinconceptionofthought,butalsoinwording.Itisamatterofgrouping,arrangement,andrelationshipofthepartswithreferencetothewhole.

（1）NaturalOrderofWords

（2）LogicalUseofNegatives

（3）LogicalConnectionsandRelationships

（4）NeedlessChangeofConstruction

（5）RelationBetweenParticipleandNounorPronoun

（6）RelationBetweenPronounandAntecedent

ExercisesforSentenceCoherence（P23）

Thefollowingsentenceslackcoherence.Correctthemandtellwhatiswrong.

（1）Thereasonwasbecausehethoughthewouldfail.

（2）Hewasdeliveredabrandnewbook.

（3）Theschoolwillnotbecloseduntileverystudenthasfinishedtheirwork.

（4）Heinterviewedthreeofficersofthefirm,themanager,secretaryandtreasurer.

（5）Thefamilybuysalltheirmerchandiseatthefive-and-ten-centstore.

（6）HegavemesomeapplesandwhichIlikedverymuch.

（7）Anyofthesecretariesintheexecutiveofficesareentitledtoattendthelecture.

（8）Eachboyandgirlinthestorewasgivenabadgeofmeritforhislapel.

（9）IfyouwouldshowthegoodslikeIdoyouwouldsellmore.

（10）Iamasgladtohearthisasyou.

4.SentenceEmphasis（P23）

Sentenceemphasismeansthearrangementofwordsinasentenceinsuchawaysotheimportantonesmayreceivethebestattention.Certainplacesinasentence,asthebeginningandtheend,arenaturallymoreimportant;butbysomespecialmeanswordsplacedinunimportantplacesmayalsoreceiveemphasis.Herethestudyofsentenceemphasiswillbedealtwithfromtwoangles:

frompositionandfromwordmanipulation.

Byposition,thereare:

（1）Beginningandendofsentence

（2）Orderofclimax

（3）Invertedwordorder

（4）Wordrepetition

（5）Wordantithesis

（6）Omissionofunimportantwords

ExercisesforSentenceEmphasis（P25）

1.Notethedevicesusedforemphasisinthefollowingsentences.

（1）Ofthetalentsthatordinarilyraisementoeminenceaswriters,Boswellhadabsolutelynone.

（2）Thatsuchamansh