大学英语Book2 Unit 6.docx

大学英语Book2 Unit 6.docx

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大学英语Book2Unit6

Unit6Lessismore

SectionADoorcloser,areyou?

Backgroundinformation

1XiangYu

XiangYu（232BC-202BC）wasaprominentmilitaryleaderandpoliticalfigureduringthelateQinDynasty.In207BC,XiangYuledtheChurebelforcestovictoryattheBattleofJulu（巨鹿之战）againsttheQinarmies.AfterthefalloftheQinDynasty,XiangYuproclaimedhimself“Hegemon-KingofWesternChu”（西楚霸王）andruledavastareaoflandcoveringpartsofpresent-dayShanxi,Henan,Hubei,HunanandJiangsu.HeengagedLiuBang,thefoundingemperoroftheHanDynasty,inalongstruggleforpower,knownastheChu-HanContention（楚汉之争）thatconcludedwithhiseventualdefeatandsuicideatthebankoftheWuRiver.

2theBattleofJulu

ThebattlewasfoughtinJulu（inpresent-dayXingtai,Hebei,现今的河北邢台）primarilybetweenforcesoftheQinDynastyandtheinsurgent（谋叛的）stateofChu.TheBattleofJulumarkedthedeclineofQin’smilitarypower.In207BC,XiangYu’sarmyadvancedtowardsJuluandsuccessfullycrossedtheZhangRiver（漳河）,whichseparatedthemfromJulu,toattacktheQinforces.AftercrossingtheZhangRiver,XiangYuorderedhismentosinkalltheirboatsandbreaktheircookingpots,leavingonlyathree-daysupplyoffoodforeachsoldier.Hewarnedthemthattherewasnowaytoretreat;theonlythingtheycoulddotosurvivewastoadvanceandfight.XiangYu’sboatburningstrategygavehismennochoicebuttodoforwardtofightwithskillandpassion.Afterninelongfiercebattles,theQinarmywasfinallydefeated.ThebattleofJuluwasofcrucialimportanceinoverthrowingtheQinDynasty,andithasbeenknownasthebattleof“SmashingtheCauldronsandSinkingtheBoats”（破釜沉舟）.Thisidiomisnowusedtoindicateone’sfirmdeterminationtoachieveone’sgoalatanycost.

3behavioraleconomics

Behavioraleconomicsisaninterdisciplinaryschoolsubjectofeconomicsandpsychology,whichstudiestheeffectofsocial,cognitiveandemotionalfactorsontheeconomicdecisionsofindividualsandinstitutions,andtheconsequencesformarketprices,returnsandresourceallocation.

Detailedstudyofthetext

1Thenexttimeyou’redecidingbetweenrivaloptions,onewhichisprimaryandtheotherwhichisprimaryandtheotherwhichissecondary,askyourselfthisquestion:

WhatwouldXiangYudo?

（Para.1）

Meaning:

Thenexttimewhenyouaretomakeachoicebetweentwocompetingoptions,youhavetodistinguishwhichistheprimaryoneandwhichistheminorone.Tobeenlightened,youaskyourselfwhatoptionXiangYuwouldchoose.

Meaningbeyondwords:

ItsuggeststhatXiangYuwasawonderfuldecision-maker.

Note:

Thephraserivaloptionsmeansthatbothoptionsseemlikegoodchoice,butonechoiceissomewhatbetterthantheother.Inthiscase,itistheoneThatXiangYuchosetoimplement.

rival:

a.（onlybeforenoun）usedaboutapersonorgroupthatcompetesagainstsb.orsth.else竞争的；对抗的

Fiercefightingbrokeoutbetweentherivalgroups.敌对集团之间爆发了激烈的战斗。

n.[C]aperson,group,ororganizationthatyoucompetewithsport,business,afight,etc.对手；竞争者

Havinggoodinternationalcontactsgivesthecompanyacompetitiveadvantageoveritsrivals.良好的国际社会关系使该公司具备了超过其对手的竞争优势。

secondary:

a.notasimportantassth.else次要的；从属的

Ourfather’shealthiswhatmatters,andthecostofhistreatmentisifsecondaryimportance.我们父亲的健康是最重要的，他的治疗费用是次要的。

2XiangYuwasaChineseimperialgeneralinthethirdcenturyBCwhotookhistroopsacrosstheZhangRiveronaraidintoenemyterritory.（Para.2）

Meaning:

XiangYuwasanancientChinesegeneralinthethirdcenturyBC.HeledhistroopsacrosstheZhangRivertoattacktheenemyinitsterritory.

imperial:

a.（onlybeforenoun）relatingtoanempireortothepersonwhorulesit帝国的；皇帝的

InourWorldHistoryclasstoday,westudiedBritain’sexpansioninthe19thcentury.在今天的世界历史课上，我们学了十九世纪英帝国的扩张。

raid:

n[C.]ashortattackonplacebysoldiers,planes,orships,intendedtocausedamagebutnottakecontrol突袭；袭击

Theymade（staged/carriedout）adaringraidontheenemy.他们对敌人进行了大胆的袭击。

vt.makeasuddenmilitaryattackonaplace（军队）突然袭击

policeraidedfivehousesinsoutheastLondonandrecoveredstolengoods.警方突击搜查了伦敦东南部的五所房屋，并追回了被盗货物。

territory:

[C,U]landthatisownedorcontrolledbyaparticularcountry,ruler,ormilitaryforce领土；版图；领地

Theyhavestillrefusingtowithdrawtroopsfromtheoccupiedterritories.他们仍然拒绝从被占领土撤军。

3Tohistroops’astonishment,heorderedtheircookingpotscrushedandtheirsailingshipsburned.（Para.2）

Meaningbeyondwords:

Tomakesurehistroopswouldwinthebattlequickly,XiangYuorderedthesoldierstocrushtheircookingpotsandburntheirsailingboatsafterheledhistroopsacrosstheZhangRivertoattacktheenemy.Thisway,heclosedthedoorforretreatingfromtheenemy’sterritoryandsentoutaclearmessagetohismenthattheyonlyhadtwochoices:

towinthebattleordieinthebattle.However,hisdecisionwasobviouslyagainstnormalpractice,whichgreatlyshockedhistroops.

4Heexplainedthathewasimposingonthemanecessityforattainingvictoryovertheiropponents.（Para.3）

Meaningbeyondwords:

Byhavingtheircookingpotscrushedandtheirsailingshipsburned,XiangYuputhistroopsinsuchadesperateconditionthattheywouldn’thaveanyhopetoescapebutfighttosurviveandeventuallywinthebattle.Inorderwords,XiangYugavehistroopsonlyoneoption.

imposessth.onsb.:

forcesb.tohavethesameideas,beliefs,etc.asyou将…强加于…

Todiscouragepeoplefromsmoking,veryhightaxeshaverecentlybeenimposedoncigarettes.为了阻止人们吸烟，最近已对香烟征收了很高的税。

opponent:

n.[C]

1）sb.whoyoutrytodefeatinacompetition,gamefight,orargument（竞争、比赛等的）敌手，对手

Hewasatoughopponentindebate.他是个很强硬的辩论对手。

2）sb.whodisagreeswithaplan,idea,orsystemandtriedtostoporchangeit反对者

Leadingopponentsofproposedcutsindefensespendingwillmeetlatertoday.建议削减国防开支的主要反对者会在今天的晚些时候见面。

UsageNOTE

rival,opponent

rival和opponent都可以用作名词，都可以表示“对手”，但两者有区别。

1rival指在同一领域中为相同目标相竞争或相匹敌的对手。

例如：

TheUnitedStates’biggestrivalintechnologicaladvancementisJapan.在技术进步方面，美国最大的对手是日本。

2opponent指在某次的竞赛或某个场合直接面对的对手。

例如：

He’sthebestopponentI’vecomeacrossthisseason,agreatplayer.他是我本赛季遇到的最出色的对手，一位了不起的运动员。

比较：

TheLosAngelesLakers’biggestrivalistheBostonCeltics.洛杉矶湖人队最大的对手是波士顿凯尔特人队。

（指湖人队一直与凯尔特人队在争高低，其竞争对手多年来一直是凯尔特人队。

）

TheLosAngelesLakers’opponentin2010NBAFinalsistheBostonCeltics.洛杉矶湖人队在2010年NBA总决赛中的对手是波士顿凯尔特人队。

（指在2010年NBA决赛中湖人队的竞争对手是凯尔特人队。

）

3opponent不能用作动词，rival可用作动词，表示“竞争；与…相匹敌”。

例如：

Shipscan’trivalaircraftforspeed.轮船在速度方面无法与飞机匹敌。

5Whathesaidwassurelymotivating,butitwasn’treallyappreciatedbymanyofhisloyalsoldiersastheywantedtheirvesselsgoupinflames.（Para.3）

Meaning:

XiangYu’sorderofcrushingthecookingpotsandburningthesailingshipswasdefinitelyinspiringtohistroops,butitwashardlyvaluedbyhisfaithfulsoldiers,whowatchedtheirboatsburning.

motivate:

vt.makesb.feeldeterminedtodosth.orenthusiasticaboutdoingit激励；激发…的积极性

Thecompany’sprofit-sharingplanisdesignedtomotivateitsstafftoworkhard.该公司的利润分红计划旨在激励员工努力工作。

loyal:

a.alwayssupportingyourfriends,principles,country,etc.忠贞的；忠实的；忠诚的

Whenallherotherfriendsdesertedher,Stevestillremainedloyal.当其他朋友都抛弃她时，史蒂夫仍对她保持忠诚。

goupinflames:

suddenlybeginburninginawaythatisdifficulttocontrol突然着火

Thefactorywentupinflameslastnight.昨晚工厂突然着火了

6ButthegeniusofGeneralXiangYu’sconvictionwouldbevalidatedbothonthebattlefieldandinmodernsocialscienceresearch.（Para.3）

Meaning:

However,thehighlevelofintelligenceexpressedinhisstrongbeliefwouldprovetobecorrectonthebattlefieldaswellasinmodernsocialscienceresearch.

genius:

n.

1）[U]averyhighlevelofintelligence,mentalskill,orability,whichonlyafewpeoplehave天才；天赋

Duringhischildhood,thegeniusofthisscientistwentunrecognized.这位科学家的天赋在他童年时代并未被发现。

2）[U]sb.whohasanunusuallyhighlevelofintelligence,mentalskill,orability有天才的人；天才人物

Arealcomicgeniusstimulatesnotonlylaughterbutalsothought.一个真正的喜剧天才不但能引发笑声而且会引发思考。

conviction:

n.[C]averystrongbelieforopinion坚定的信仰（主张）

Theforeignministerofthissmallcountryisawomanofstrongpoliticalconviction这个小国家的外交部长是一位有坚定政治信仰的女性。

validate:

vt.（fml.）provethatsth.istrueorcorrect,ormakeadocumentoragreementofficiallyandlegallyacceptable证实；使生效；使合法化

Manyscientistshesitatetoaccepttheoutcomeanddecidetowaituntiltheresultsofthestudyarevalidatedbyfutureresearch.许多科学家对接受这个研究结果犹豫不决，决定等待结果被今后的研究证实后再说。

NoteThewordbattlefieldisacompoundword,whichisthecombinationoftwonouns:

battleandfield.Therearemoreexampleofthiskindofcompoundwords:

armchair,bedtime,birdhouse,birthplace,bookstore,etc.Themeaningofmanywordsfromsuchacombinationiseasytoguess:

battlefield-aplacewhereabattleisbeingfoughtorhasbeenfought.Forexample:

Theycarriedthewoundedsoldiersfromthebattlefield.他们把伤员从战场上抬了下来。

7GeneralXiangYuwasarareexceptiontothenorm,aveteranleaderwhohashighlyrespectedforhismanyconquestsandwhoachievedthesummitofsuccess.（Para.3）

Meaning:

WhatXiangYudidwasquitedifferentfromwhatwasusuallypracticed.Asanexperiencedleader,hewasverymuchrespectedbyhissoldiersforhismanyamazingaccomplishments,andhishighestlevelofsuccess.

NoteThewordnormmeans”theusualornormalsituation,wayofdoingsth.,etc”.Hereitreferstoasituationinwhichothercommanderswouldsurelydo:

Keepmoreoptions.

exception:

n.[C,U]sth.orsb.thatisdifferentinsomewayfromotherpeopleorthingsandsocannotbeincludedinag