《学术英语医学》课后题答案docx.docx

《学术英语医学》课后题答案docx.docx

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《学术英语医学》课后题答案docx

Unitl

1、Somefactorsthatmayleadtothecomplaint:

•Neuronoverload

•Patients*highexpectations

・Mistrustandmisunderstandingbetweenthepatientandthedoctor

2、Mrs.Osorio^scondition:

•A56-year-oldwoman

・Somewhatoverweight

•Reasonablywell-controlleddiabetesandhypertension

・Cholesterolonthehighsidewithoutanymedicationsforit

•Notenoughexercisessheshouldtake

•HerbonesalittlethinonherlastDEXAscan

3、Goodthings:

•Bloodtestsdone

•Glucosealittlebetter

•HerbloodpressurealittlebetterbutnotsogreatBadthings:

•Cholesterolnotsogreat

•Herweightalittleup

•HerbonesalittlethinonherlastDEXAscan4

4、Thesituation:

•Theauthorwasinamoderatestateofpanic:

jugglingsomanythoughtsaboutMrs.

Osorio^sconditionsandtryingtoresolvethemallbeforetheclockrandown.

•Mrs.Osoriomadeatrivialrequest,notsoimportantascomparedtoherconditions.

•Mrs-Osorioseemedtocareonlyabouther“innocent—andcompletelyjustified一request'5：

theformsignedbyherdoctor.

•Thedoctortriedtooratleastpretendedtopayattentiontothepatientwhilecompletingdocumentation.

5>Similarities:

•Incomputermultitasking,amicroprocessoractuallyperformsonlyonetaskatatime.Likemicroprocessors,wehumanbeingscarftactuallyconcentrateontwothoughtsatthesameexacttime.Multitaskingisjustanillusionbothincomputersandhumanbeings.

Differences:

•Theconceptofmultitaskingoriginatedincomputerscience.

•Atbest,humanbeingscanjuggleonlyahandfulofthoughtsinamultitaskingmanner,butcomputerscandomuchbetter.

•Themorethoughtshumanbeingsjuggle,thelesshumanbeingsareabletoattunefullytoanygiventhought,butcomputerscandomuchbetter.

6、

•7medicalissuestoconsider

•5separatethoughts,atleast,foreachissue

•7x5=35thoughts

•10patientsthatafternoon

•35x10=350thoughts

•5residentsundertheauthorssupervision

•4patientsseenbyeachresident

•10thoughts,atleast,generatedfromeachpatient

•5x4x10=anther200thoughts

•350+200=550thoughtstobehandledintotal

•Ifthedoctordoesagoodjobjuggling98%ofthetime,thatstillleavesabout10thoughtsthatmightgetlostintheprocess.

7、Possiblesolutions:

・Computer-generatedreminders

•Casemanagers•Ancillaryservices

•Thesimplestsolution:

time

Unit2

1、Theauthorimplies:

•Peoplesinadequateconsciousnessabouttheconsequenceofneglectingthere-emerging

infectiousdiseases

•Unjustifiabilityofpeoplescomplacencyaboutthepreventionandcontrolofthe

infectiousdiseases

•Unfinishedwaragainstinfectiousdiseases

2、Victorydeclarations:

-SurgeonGeneralWilliamStewart1shyperbolicstatementofclosing"thebookon

infectiousdisease,

•Astringofimpressivevictoriesincurredbyantibioticsandvaccines

•ThethoughtthatthewaragainstinfectiousdiseaseswasalmostoverWhat

followedeversince:

-AppearanceofnewdiseasessuchasAIDSandEbola

•Comebackoftheoldafflictions:

»DiphtheriaintheformerSovietUnion

»TBinurbancenterslikeNewYorkCity

»RisingGroupAstreptococcalconditionslikescarletfever

•Thefearofapowerfulnewflustrainsweepingtheworld

3、Elaborateonthejoinedbattle:

•WHOestablishedanewdivisiondevotedtoworldwidesurveillanceandcontrolof

emergingdiseaseinOctober1995.

•CDClaunchedapreventionstrategyin1994.

-Congressraisedfundfrom$6.7millionin1995to$26millionin1997.

4、Thebordersaremeaninglesstopathogenicmicrobes,whichcantravelfromonecountrytoanotherremotecountryinaveryshorttime.

5、TB:

-PrisonsandhomelesssheltersasidealplacesforTBspread

•Emergingofdrug-resistantstrainorevenmulti-drug-resistantstrain

•ArideontheHIVwAonbyattackingtheimmunocompromised

GroupAstrep:

•Achangeinvirulence

•Mutationintheexteriorofthebacterium

Flu:

Constantchangesinitscoat（surfaceantigens）andresultantchangesinitslevelofvirulence

6、Examples:

•ExperimentinEnglandisseeingthewaningimmunitybecauseofnovaccination.

-Duetopoorvaccinationefforts,thediphtheriasituationintheformerSovietUnionisserious.f

•ThevaccinationratesaredroppinginsomeAmericancities,anditwillleadtomorediphtheriaandwhoopingcough.

7、Thefourareasoffocus:

•Theneedforsurveillance

•Updatedsciencecapableofdealingwithdiscoveriesinthefield

-Appropriatepreventionandcontrol

•Strongpublichealthinfrastructure

8、TheinfectiousdiseasessuchasTB,flu,diphtheriaandscarletfeverwillneverreallygoaway,andthewaragainstthemwillneverend.

Unit3

1、Teny'slifebefore

•ShelovedpracticingTaeKwonDo

•Shelovedthesurgeofadrenalinethatcamewiththecontrolledcombatoftournaments.

•Shecompetednationally,evenwonbronzemedalinthetrialsforthePanAmericanGames.

•Sheattendedmedicalschool,practicedasaninternalmedicineresident,andbecameanacademicgeneralinternist.

•Shegotmarriedandgotasonandadaughter.

2、ThesymptomsofMSandautoimmunedisease:

•Lossofstaminaandstrength

•Problemswithbalance

•Boutsofhorrificfacialpain

•Dipsinvisualacuity

3、Terrydidthefollowingbeforesheself-experimented:

•Shestartedinjections.

•Sheadoptedmanypharmacotherapies.

•Shebeganherownstudyofliterature:

»ShereadarticlesonwebsitessuchasPubMed.

»ShesearchedforarticlestestingnewMSdrugsinanimalmodels.

»Sheturnedtoarticlesconcerningneurodegenerationofalltypes——dementia,

Parkinson'sdisease,Huntington^disease,andLouGehrig'sdisease.

»Sherelearnedbasicsciencessuchascellularphysiology,biochemistry,andneurophysiology.

4、ApproachesTerrymainlyused:

•Self-experimentationwithvariousnutrientstoslowneurodegenerationbasedonliteraturereportsonanimalmodels

-Self-experimentationwithneuromuscularelectricalstimulationwhichisnotanapprovedtreatmentforMS

•Onlinesearchtoidentifythesourcesofmicronutrientsandhavinganewdiet

•Reductionoffoodallergiesandtoxicload

5、Casesmentionedinthetext:

-Increasedmercurystoresinthebrainsofpeoplewithdentalfillings

•HighlevelsoftheherbicideatrazineinprivatewellsinIowa

•Thestrongassociationbetweenpesticideexposureandneurodegeneration

•Theassociationofsinglenucleotidepolymorphismsinvolvingmetabolismofsulfurand/orBvitamins

•Inefficientclearingoftoxins

6、With70%to90%oftheriskfordiabetes,heartdisease,cancer,andautoimmunitybeingduetoenvironmentalfactorsotherthanthegenes,wecantakemanyhealth

problemsandthehealthcarecrisisunderourcontrol,forexample,optimizingournutritionandreducingourtoxicload.

Unit4

1、Twoconcepts:

•Complementarymedicinereferstotheuseofconventionaltherapiestogetherwithalternativetreatmentssuchasusingacupunctureinadditiontousualcaretohelplessenpain.ComplementaryandalternativemedicineisshortenedasCAM.

-Alternativemedicinereferstohealingtreatmentsthatarenotpartofconventionaltherapies一likeacupuncture,massagetherapy,orherbalmedicine.Theyarecalledsobecausepeopleusedtoconsiderpracticesliketheseoutsidethemainstream.

2

•TCMdoesnotrequireadvanced,complicated,andinmostcases,expensivefacilities.

•TCMemploysneedles,cups,coins,tomentionbutafew.

•MostproceduresandoperationsofTCMarenoninvasive.

•Thesubstancesusedasmedicinearerawherbsorabstractsfromthem,andtheyareindeedallnatural,fromnature.

•TCMhasbeenpracticedaslongastheChinesehistory,sotheefficiencyisprovenandensured.

-Ongoingresearcharoundtheworldonacupuncture,herbs,massageandTaiChihaveshedlightonsomeofthetheoriesandpracticesofTCM

3^Itmaybeusedasanadjuncttreatment,analternative,orpartofacomprehensivemanagementprogramforanumberofconditions:

post-operativeandchemotherapy

inducednauseaandvomiting,post-operativedentalpain,addiction,strokerehabilitation,headache,menstrualcramps,tenniselbow,fibromyalgia,myofascialpain,osteoarthritis,lowbackpain,carpaltunnelsyndrome,andasthma.

4、Awell-justifiedNO:

•Moreintenseresearchtouncoveradditionalareasfortheuseofacupuncture

•Higheradoptionofacupunctureasacommontherapeuticmodalitynotonlyintreatmentbutalsoinpreventionofdiseaseandpromotionofwellness

-Explorationandperfectionofinnovativemethodsofacupuncturepointstimulationwithtechnologicaladvancement

•Improvedunderstandingofneuroscienceandotheraspectsofhumanphysiologyandfunctionbybasicresearchonacupuncture

•Greaterinterestbystakeholders

•Anincreasingnumberofphysicianacupuncturists

5、

-Appropriateusesofherbsdependonproperguidance:

»ProperTCMdiagnosisofthezhengofthepatient

»Correctselectionofthecorrespondingtherapeuticstrategiesandprinciplesthatguidethechoiceofherbsandherbalformulas

•Digressionfromeitheroftheaboveguidencewillleadtomisusesofherbs,andwillresultincomplicationsinpatient

6、

•Randomizedcontrolledtrials

Advantages:

»Eliminationofthepotentialbiasintheallocationofparticipantstotheinterventiongrouporcontrolgroup

»Tendencytoproducecomparablegroups

»Guaranteedvalidityofstatisticaltestsofsignificance

Limitations:

»Difficultyingeneralizingtheresultsobtainedfromtheselectedsamplingtothepopulationasawhole

»Apoorchoiceforresearchwheretemporalfactorsareanissue

»Extremelyheavyresources,requiringverylargesamplegroups

•Quasi-experiments

Advantages:

»Controlgroupcomparisonspossible

»Reducedthreatstoexternalvalidityasnaturalenvironmentsdonotsuffer