材料导论词汇.docx
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材料导论词汇
Chapter1Introduction
Readthetextbook(P3)andanswerthefollowingquestion:
Whatisthephenomenon?
Andwhy?
Youshouldbeabletodothefollowing:
1.Listsixdifferentpropertyclassificationsofmaterialsthatdeterminetheirapplicability.
2.Citethefourcomponentsthatareinvolvedinthedesign,production,andutilizationofmaterials,andbrieflydescribetheinterrelationshipsbetweenthesecomponents.
3.Citethreecriteriathatareimportantinthematerialsselectionprocess.
4.(a)Listthethreeprimaryclassificationsofsolidmaterials,andthencitethedistinctivechemicalfeatureofeach.
(b)Notetheotherthreetypesofmaterialsand,foreach,itsdistinctivefeature(s).
Chapter2InteratomicBonding
1Makesureyouunderstandconcepts:
“Covalentbond共价键Aprimaryinteratomicbondthatisformedbythesharingofelectronsbetweenneighboringatoms.
“Dipole(electric)偶极Apairofequalyetoppositeelectricalchargesthatareseparatedbyasmalldistance.
“Hydrogenbond氢键Astrongsecondaryinteratomicbondthatexistsbetweenaboundhydrogenatom(itsunscreenedproton)andthelectronsofadjacentatoms.
“Ionicbond离子键Acoulombicinteratomicbondthatexistsbetweentwodjacentandoppositelychargedions.
“Metallicbond金属键Aprimaryinteratomicbondinvolvingthenondirectionalsharingofnonlocalizedvalenceelectrons(‘‘seaofelectrons’’)thataremutuallysharedbyalltheatomsinthemetallicsolid.
“Polarmolecule极性分子Amoleculeinwhichthereexistsapermanentelectricdipolemomentbyvirtueoftheasymmetricaldistributionofpositivelyandnegativelychargedregions.
“Primarybonding主价键Interatomicbondsthatarerelativelystrongandforwhichbondingenergiesarerelativelylarge.Primarybondingtypesareionic,covalent,andmetallic.
“Secondarybonding次价键Interatomicandintermolecularbondsthatarerelativelyweakandforwhichbondingenergiesarerelativelysmall.Normallyatomicormoleculardipolesareinvolved.SecondarybondingtypesarevanderWaalsandhydrogen.
“VanderWaalsbond范德华键Asecondaryinteratomicbondbetweenadjacentmoleculardipoles,whichmaybepermanentorinduced.
“Valenceelectron价电子Theelectronsintheoutermostoccupiedelectronshell,whichparticipateininteratomicbonding.
2youshouldbeabletodothefollowing:
(1)Brieflydescribeformationandcharacteristicsofionic,covalent,metallic,hydrogen,andvanderWaalsbonds.
(2)Notewhatmaterialsexhibiteachofthesebondingtypes.
Chapter3StructureofSolids
1.Makesureyouunderstandlanguageandconcepts:
Allotropy同素异形现象,同素异构现象Thepossibilityofexistenceoftwoormoredifferentcrystalstructuresforasubstance(generallyanelementalsolid).
Amorphous无定形的,非晶态的Havinganoncrystallinestructure.
Anisotropy各向异性Exhibitingdifferentvaluesofapropertyindifferentcrystallographicdirections.
Atomicpackingfactor(APF)原子密堆因素
Body-centeredcubic(BCC)体心立方
Coordinationnumber配位数Thenumberofatomicorionicnearestneighbors.
Crystalstructure晶体结构Forcrystallinematerials,themannerinwhichatomsorionsarearrayedinspace.Itisdefinedintermsoftheunitcellgeometryandtheatompositionswithintheunitcell.
Crystalline晶体的Thestateofasolidmaterialcharacterizedbyaperiodicandrepeatingthree-dimensionalarrayofatoms,ions,ormolecules.
Face-centeredcubic(FCC)面心立方
Grain晶粒Anindividualcrystalinapolycrystallinemetalorceramic.
Grainboundary晶界Theinterfaceseparatingtwoadjoininggrainshavingdifferentcrystallographicorientations.
Hexagonalclose-packed(HCP)密排六方
Isotropic各向同性的Havingidenticalvaluesofapropertyinallcrystallographicdirections.
Latticeparameter晶格参数Thecombinationofunitcelledgelengthsandinteraxialanglesthatdefinestheunitcellgeometry.
Non-crystalline非晶的Thesolidstatewhereinthereisnolong-rangeatomicorder.Sometimesthetermsamorphous,glassy,andvitreousareusedsynonymously.
Polycrystalline多晶的Referringtocrystallinematerialsthatarecomposedofmorethanonecrystalorgrain.
Polymorphism多晶型现象,同质异构现象Theabilityofasolidmaterialtoexistinmorethanoneformorcrystalstructure.
Singlecrystal单晶Acrystallinesolidforwhichtheperiodicandrepeatedatomicpatternextendsthroughoutitsentiretywithoutinterruption.
Unitcell晶胞,单胞Thebasicstructuralunitofacrystalstructure.Itisgenerallydefinedintermsofatom(orion)positionswithinaparallelepipedvolume.
2.Youshouldbeabletodothefollowing
1.Describethedifferenceinatomic/molecularstructurebetweencrystallineandnoncrystallinematerials.
2.Drawunitcellsforface-centeredcubic,body-centeredcubic,andhexagonalclose-packedcrystalstructures.
3.Computethedensitiesformetalshavingface-centeredcubicandbody-centeredcubiccrystalstructuresgiventheirunitcelldimensions.
4.Distinguishbetweensinglecrystalsandpolycrystallinematerials.
5.Defineisotropyandanisotropywithrespecttomaterialproperties.
Chapter4Imperfectionsinsolids
1.Makesureyouunderstandlanguageandconcepts
Alloy合金Ametallicsubstancethatiscomposedoftwoormoreelements.
Atompercent原子百分数Concentrationspecificationonthebasisofthenumberofmoles(oratoms)ofaparticularelementrelativetothetotalnumberofmoles(oratoms)ofallelementswithinanalloy.
Atomicvibration原子振动Thevibrationofanatomaboutitsnormalpositioninasubstance.
Boltzmann‘sconstant波尔兹曼常数
Burgersvector柏氏矢量Avectorthatdenotesthemagnitudeanddirectionoflatticedistortionassociatedwithadislocation.
Composition成分Therelativecontentofaparticularelementorconstituent(i)withinanalloy,usuallyexpressedinweightpercentoratompercent.
Defectstructure缺陷构造Relatingtothekindsandconcentrationsofvacanciesandinterstitialsinaceramiccompound.
Dislocationline位错线Thelinethatextendsalongtheendoftheextrahalf-planeofatomsforanedgedislocation,andalongthecenterofthespiralofascrewdislocation.
Edgedislocation刃位错Alinearcrystallinedefectassociatedwiththelatticedistortionproducedinthevicinityoftheendofanextrahalfplaneofatomswithinacrystal.TheBurgersvectorisperpendiculartothedislocationline.
Electroneutrality电中性Thestateofhavingexactlythesamenumbersofpositiveandnegativeelectricalcharges(ionicandelectronic),thatis,ofbeingelectricallyneutral.
Frenkeldefect弗兰克缺陷Inanionicsolid,acation–vacancyandcation–interstitialpair.
Grainsize晶粒尺寸Theaveragegraindiameterasdeterminedfromarandomcrosssection.
Imperfection缺陷,非理想性Adeviationfromperfection;normallyappliedtocrystallinematerialswhereinthereisadeviationfromatomic/molecularorderand/orcontinuity.
Interstitialsolidsolution间隙式固溶体Asolidsolutionwhereinrelativelysmallsoluteatomsoccupyinterstitialpositionsbetweenthesolventorhostatoms.
Microscopy显微镜法Theinvestigationofmicrostructuralelementsusingsometypeofmicroscope.
Microstructure显微结构,微观结构Thestructuralfeaturesofanalloy(e.g.,grainandphasestructure)thataresubjecttoobservationunderamicroscope.
Mixeddislocation混合位错Adislocationthathasbothedgeandscrewcomponents.
Photomicrograph显微照片Thephotographmadewithamicroscope,whichrecordsamicrostructuralimage.
Pointdefect点缺陷Acrystallinedefectassociatedwithoneor,atmost,severalatomicsites.
Scanningelectronmicroscope(SEM)扫描电子显微镜
Scanningprobemicroscope(SPM)扫描探针显微镜
Schottkydefect肖脱基缺陷Inanionicsolid,adefectconsistingofacation–vacancyandanion–vacancypair.
Screwdislocation螺旋位错Alinearcrystallinedefectassociatedwiththelatticedistortioncreatedwhennormallyparallelplanesarejoinedtogethertoformahelicalramp.TheBurgersvectorisparalleltothedislocationline.
Self-interstitial自间隙的Ahostatomorionthatispositionedonaninterstitiallatticesite.
Solidsolution固溶体Ahomogeneouscrystallinephasethatcontainstwoormorechemicalspecies.Bothsubstitutionalandinterstitialsolidsolutionsarepossible.
Solute溶质Onecomponentorelementofasolutionpresentinaminorconcentration.Itisdissolvedinthesolvent.
Solvent溶剂Thecomponentofasolutionpresentinthegreatestamount.Itisthecomponentthatdissolvesasolute.
Stoichiometry化学计量学Forioniccompounds,thestateofhavingexactlytheratioofcationstoanionsspecifiedbythechemicalformula.
Substitutionalsolidsolution置换固溶体Asolidsolutionwhereinthesoluteatomsreplaceorsubstituteforthehostatoms.
Transmissionelectronmicroscope(TEM)透射电子显微镜
Vacancy空位Anormallyoccupiedlatticesitefromwhichanatomorionismissing.
Weightpercent重量百分数Concentrationspecificationonthebasisofweight(ormass)ofaparticularelementrelativetothetotalalloyweight(ormass).
2.Youshouldbeabletodothefollowing
1.Describebothvacancyandself-interstitialcrystallinedefects.
2.Calculatetheequilibriumnumberofvacanciesinamaterialatsomespecifiedtemperature,giventherelevantconstants.
3.Namethetwotypesofsolidsolutions,andprovideabriefwrittendefinitionand/orschematicsketchofeach.
4.NameanddescribeeightdifferentionicpointdefectsthatarefoundInceramiccompounds.
5.Giventhemassesandatomicweightsoftwoormoreelementsinametalalloy,calculatetheweightpercentandatomicpercentforeachelement.
6.Foreachofedge,screw,andmixeddislocations:
(a)describeandmakeadrawingofthedislocation;
(b)notethelocationofthedislocationline;and
(c)indicatethedirectionalongwhichthedislocationlineextends.
7.Describetheatomicstructurewithinthevicinityof(a)agrainboundary,and(b)atwinboundary.
Chapter5mechanicalproperties
1.Makesureyouunderstandlanguageandconcepts
Anelasticity滞弹性Anelasti